A History of Classical Scholarship ...: From the revival of learning to the end of the eighteenth century (in Italy, France, England, and the Netherlands)

is inferior to Valckenaer's masterly exposure of the impostor Aristobulus.

But his departure from Ruhnken's critical method was less pronounced than his breach with the old Latin traditions of the Netherlands. The unanimous voice of his scholarly contemporaries assures us that he had little taste for modern Latin poetry, and, although this is not so grave a crime as it might have seemed in the eyes of the pupils of Burman II and of Schrader, Lucian Müller demurs to the dictum of Peerlkamp, that Wyttenbach is entitled to the gratitude of the scholars of the Netherlands for 'suppressing the perverse study of Latin versification'. Such gratitude would only be in place, if he had transformed this 'perverse study' into one that was sane and rational. This he was neither able nor willing to do, and the 'suppression' of Latin verse in the Netherlands has been accompanied by a decline in Latin scholarship. He was more interested in the Greek poets, but, strange to say, he does not apply that interest to the numerous poetic passages imbedded in the prose of Plutarch. In fact, he does not always detect their existence. Nevertheless, a permanent value attaches to his edition of the Moralia, and to the efforts aroused by himself and his pupils for the understanding of the old philosophy, especially that of Plato and the Platonists. He also helped to oppose the introduction of the modern Kantian philosophy into Holland'. The highest praise must be assigned to his Life of Ruhnken, a work of absorbing interest to his scholarly contemporaries, which still retains its importance as a comprehensive picture of the Scholarship of the Netherlands, and not the Netherlands alone, in the age of Ruhnken. Like Ruhnken himself, he represents the close of the old order; he had no sympathy with the new direction that was being given to classical studies by Wolf'.

1 L. Müller, 91–96.

2 On Wyttenbach, cp. Mahne's Vita, Ghent, 1823; ed. Friedemann (with Epp. ineditae), Braunschweig, 1825; Selectae Epp., ed. Kraft (Altona, 1834); Opuscula (Leyden, 1821); Epp. sex ineditae (Marburg, 1839); also Pattison's Casaubon, 423, 439, 449a; Praecepta philosophiae logicae (Halle, 1820).

S. 11.

Thus far we have surveyed the progress of scholarship during the eighteenth century in Italy and France, in England and the Netherlands. We have seen that, in the two Latin nations, the study of Latin continued to flourish by the side of the study of archaeology. In Italy, Greek was in a subordinate position, Corsini's Fasti Attici' being the only important product of Greek learning, as contrasted with numerous publications connected with the study of Latin, culminating in the great lexicon of Forcellini'. In France, the study of Greek was well represented, in the early part of the century, by Montfaucon's Palaeographia Graeca3, and, towards its close, by Villoison's Venetian Scholia-the armoury from which Wolf drew some of the weapons for his famous Prolegomena. In England, Bentley's immortal Dissertation, originally written to correct an indiscriminate admiration for all the reputed works of the 'ancients", placed the sequence of ancient literature in a proper historical perspective; it also set an effective example of critical method, while it incidentally proved that, for the discussion of a complicated problem in Greek literature, the artificial Latin hitherto in fashion was a less adequate medium than the vigorous use of the mother-tongue. Bentley's influence as a Greek scholar had also a direct effect on Holland, and, through Holland, on Germany. It was owing to Bentley's encouragement that Hemsterhuys resolved on mastering the defects in his knowledge of Greek', and thus ultimately achieved so great a reputation that Ruhnken left Germany to learn Greek at Leyden, just as, in the next generation, Wyttenbach went to learn Greek from Ruhnken. Lastly, we may recall the influence exerted in Germany by Robert Wood's Essay", which inspired Heyne with a new interest in Homer, and supplied Wolf with part of the materials for his Prolegomena. Our survey of the eighteenth century in Germany is reserved for the first two chapters in the next volume.

Cp. Wilamowitz, in Lexis, Die Reform des höheren Schulwesens (1902),

Aberdeen, 249

INDEX

Academy, French, 290 f; Academy

of Inscriptions, 297 f, 436; Italian
Academies, 380; Florence, 81-89;
Naples, 89; Rome, 90–93 ; Venice
(Aldine) 98

Achery, Luc d', 295
Achilles Tatius, ed. pr. (Heidelb.
1601); ed. Salmasius (1640), 309
Achillini, Alessandro, 111
Acidalius, Valens, 273

Adam, Alexander, 435

Adamantius, 35

'Adams', 'Parson', 415
Addison, 281, 410
Adrian VI, 122, 137

Adrianus, Marcellus Virgilius, 135 n. 5
Aegius, Ben., 105

Aeschines, trans. by Bruni, 46; ed.
pr. in Rhetores Graeci (Ven. 1513),
104; ed. H. Wolf (Bas. 1572);
Taylor (Camb. 1748-69), 414
Aeschines Socraticus, ed. Le Clerc,
441

Aeschylus, Laur. MS, 36f; ed. pr.
6 plays (Ven. 1518), 105; 7 plays
(Ven. 1552), 105; with Agam. 323-
1050 (Par. 1557), 105, 138, 176;
ed. Robortelli (1552), 141, 143;
Turnebus (1552), 186; Dorat, P. V.
(1549), 187; Canter (1580), 216;
Stanley (1663), 351; Heath (1762),
417; Porson (1795), 427
Aesop, transl. Valla, 69; Milan ed.
(c. 1478), 97, 104; transl. by
Faernus (1564), 148; Bentley on,
403-5

Aelna, 441
Agatharchides, 272
Agincourt, J. B. L. G. Seroux d',
393

Agostino, Antonio, 160; 154, 162
Agrippa, (1) Cornelius, 183; (2)
Rudolphus, 253; 62, 127, 211, 258
Ailly, Pierre d', 166

Ainsworth, Robert, 415

Alberti, (1) Leo Battista, 33, 61, 82;
(2) Johann, 446, 457, 459
Albinovanus, 441

Alciati, Andrea, 147, 160, 193
Aldrovandi, Ulisse, 154

Aleander, Hieronymus (Girolamo
Aleandro), 169

Alexander, (1) of Aphrodisias 104,
109, 111; Gaza's transl. of his
Problems, 62 n. ; (2) Alexander VI,
90, 107, 115
Alfonso, the Magnanimous (1383–
1458), king of Aragon and Sicily
(1416-58), and king of Naples
(1442-58), 45, 62, 66, 69, 89
Allatius, Leo (Leone Allacci), 361
Alvarez (Alvarus), Emanuel, 163
Amaduzzi, Giovanni Cristoforo, 384
Amaltheus, Joannes Baptista, 114
Amantius, Bartholomaeus, 260
Ammianus Marcellinus, MS

dis-

covered by Poggio, 29 f; ed. pr.
Rome (1474), (2) Augsburg (1533).
103; ed. Gelenius, Bas. (1533),
265; Valesius (1636), 287
Ammonius (1500, 1503), 104; Valcke-
naer (1739), 456

Amyot, Jacques, 195 f; 197, 242
Anacreon, ed. pr. (Par. 1554), 176;

pr. (Flor. 1494), 79, 97, 104; 330;
Chalcondyles' MS, 64; trans. Poli-
tian, 85, Grotius, 317f; (2) Pala-
tina, 285, 361
Anthologia Latina, 35, 454
Antiquité Expliquée (Montfaucon's),
387

Antonius (1) Liberalis, ed. pr. (Bas.
1568), 105; (2) Panormita (An-
tonio Beccadelli), 89

Anville, Jean Baptiste Bourguignon
d', 391

Apianus (Bennewitz or Bienewitz),
Petrus, 260

Apicius, MS, 35; ed. pr. (Milan, 1498),

103

Apollodorus, Bibliotheca, ed. pr.
(Rome, 1555), 105
Apollonius, (1) grammarian, 270;
(2) lexicographer, 398; (3) mathe-
matician, 252; (4) paradoxographer,
ed. pr. (1568), 105; (5) poet, A.
Rhodius, Laur. MS, 36f; ed. pr.
(Flor. 1496), 79, 97, 104; ed. Shaw,
419; Brunck, 395

Apostolius, Michael, 75 f
Appian, 70, 272; ed. pr. (R. Stephanus
(Par. 1551), 105, 175
Apsines, 459

Apuleius, ed. pr. (Rome, 1469), 97,
103; ed. Wowerius, 306; Ouden-
dorp, 454; Acidalius on, 273; De
Deo Socratis, ed. Mercier, 210
Aquinas, Thomas, 109 f
Aratus, ed. pr. in Astronomici Veteres
(Ven. 1499), 104; studied by Vic-
torius, 137; ed. Grotius (L. B.
1600); Bandini (1765), 379
Archaeology, classical, 38-40; 121,
1451 153f, 160 f, 279 f, 299,
327, 331, 334, 380-384, 393 f,
431 f, 434

Archimedes, ed. pr. (Bas. 1544), 105;
Latin ed., Barrow, 349
Aretaeus, ed. pr. (Par. 1554), 105
Argyropulos, Joannes, 63; 75f, 83,
221, 257, 274
Ariosto, 156

Aristaenetus, ed. pr. (Ant. 1566),
105; ed. Mercier, 210
Aristides, ed. pr. (Flor. 1517), 105
Aristobulus, 456

Aristophanes, ed. pr., 9 plays (Ven.

1498), 79, 98, 104; Thesm. Lys.
(Flor. 1516 N.S.), 104; 11 plays
(Bas. 1532), 105; Bentley on, 408;
Porson on, 429; ed. Brunck, 395 ;

Küster, 446; Bergler, 455; Hem.
sterhuys (Plutus), 450
Aristotle, ed. pr. (Ven. 1495-8), 98,
104; ed. Erasmus (1531), 131;
Casaubon (1590), 208; Sylburg
(1584-7), 270; Hist. Anim. and
Mech. Probl. transl. by Gaza, 62;
De Caelo, 165, 274; De Gen. et
Corr. transl., 76; Ethics transl.
by Manetti, 45; Oec., Eth., Pol.
by Bruni, 46, 221; Eth., Pol.,
Oec., De An., De Caelo, by Argy-
ropulos, 63; Rhet. (138), Poët.
(141), Pol., Eth. (138), ed. Victorius,
137; Eth., Oec., Top., Muretus on,
149f; Met. transl. by Bessarion,
61; paraphr. by Flaminio, 119;
Poët. ed. pr. in Rhetores Graeci
(1513), 98, 104, 133; ed. Robortelli,
141, 143; 188, 291, 313, 392, 419;
Fracastoro on, 119; its influence in
Italy, 133-5; definition of tragedy,
348; Rhetoric, ed. pr. (in Rhetores
Graeci), 98, 104; Rhet. and Probl.
transl. by Trapezuntius, 63; Rhet.
by Sigonius, 143, and Majoragius,
146; Rhet. i, ii transl. by Muretus,
150; Politics, Machiavelli, 89; 158,
165; ed. Conring, 368. Mediaeval
study of, 247; Petrarch's attitude
towards, 10; Boccaccio's know-
ledge of, 15; controversy on Aristotle
and Plato, 60, 71, 74 f ; Italian study
of Aristotle, 109-112; Politian on,
84; Ramus on, 133f; the elder
Scaliger on, 135; Patrizzi on, 152 f;
Aristotelians of Padua, 10, 109 f;
Aristotelians attacked by Valla, 67;
Aristotelian influence in England,
314; Bacon and Aristotle, 338 f
Aristoxenus, ed. pr. (L. B. 1616), 311;
Meibom in Musici Scriptores (1652),

327
Arlenius, Arnoldus (Paraxylus), 105,
265 n. I

'Arretinus', 'Joannes', 26
Arrian, Anabasis, transl. by Vergerio,
49; Anabasis and Indica, ed. pr.
(Ven. 1535), 105; Gerbel (Strassb.
1539); II. Stephanus (Par. 1575);
J. Gronovius (L. B. 1704); Cyne-
geticus, ed. pr., Holstenius (Par.
1644), 364

Arsilli, Francesco, 120
Arvales, Fratres, 382

Ascham, Roger, 234-6; 231f, 238,
267 f, 269, 339

Augsburg MSS, 268, 272, 296
Augustine, De Civ. Dei, ed. pr.
(Subiaco, 1467), 103

Auratus (Dorat), 186 n. 4, 190
Aurelius, Marcus, ed. pr. (Zürich,
1558), 105

Aurispa, Joannes, 34, 36 f
Ausonius, studied by Petrarch, 6;

MS discovered by Boccaccio, 13;
ed. pr. (Ven. 1472), 103; Politian
on, 84; ed. J. A. Ferrarius (Milan,
1490); Ugoletus (Parma, 1499);
Phil. Junta (Flor. 1519); Auso-
nianarum Lectionum l. ii, Scaliger
(1574), 201; Variorum ed., Tollius
(Amst. 1671)

Averroes, 109, 111

Babrius, 405, 419
Bacon, Francis, 338 f
Baïf, Lazare de, 194
Baldini, 134

Balzac (1594-1654), 139, 314, 326
Bandini, Angelo Maria, 379
Banduri, Anselmo, 390

(1) Barbaro, Francesco, 52; 26, 30,
33, 83; (2) Barbarus, Hermolaus,
83; 34, 114, 226, 254, 257
Barbosa, Arias, 157, 162
Barclay, John, 341

Barlaam of Seminara, 8, 15
Barnes, Joshua, 357 f; 405
Baronius, Cardinal Caesar, 154, 207
Barrow, Isaac, 350

Barth, Caspar von, 363

Barthélemy, Jean Jacques, 3, 392 f
Bartoli, Pietro Santo, 280, 391
Barzizza, Gasparino da (Gasparinus

Barzizius), 23; 27, 31, 48, 55,
167 f

Basel, Council of, 34; Erasmus at,
129; univ., 262; printing presses,
262

Basil, St, 45, 158, 316
Basse, Alexander, 464
Bast, Friedrich Jacob, 397
Bateson, William Henry, 422
Batrachomyomachia, transl. in Latin
verse by Marsuppini, 47; ed. (c.
1474), 102; (1486), 97, 104
Baudius, Dominicus, 306
Baune, Jacques de la, 292
Baxter, William, 356-

Bayer, Francesco Perez, 162
Beaufort (Cardinal), Henry, 220
Bebel, Heinrich, 261
Beccadelli, Antonio (Antonius Panor-
mita), 89

Beccario, Antonio, 221

Becchi, Gentile de', bp of Arezzo, 64
Beger (Boeger), Lorenz (Daphnaeus
Arcuarius), 368

Bellay, Jean du, 182; Guillaume du,
183; Joachim du, 148f, 188
Bellenden, William, 422
Bellori, Giovanni Pietro, 279
Bembo, Pietro, 112-115; 118, 121,

123; pupil of Const. Lascaris, 77,
112; 91, 93; 11; portrait, 106;
his son Bernardo, 282
Bene, Bartolomeo del, 282
Benedictines of Saint-Maur, 389
Beni, Paolo, 135

Bentley, Richard,. 401-410; 370;
portrait, 400 (cp. 408); ed. Horace,
400, 424, 445; Lucan, 407; Ma-
nilius, 408; Milton, 415; Phaedrus,
407, 409; Philemon and Menander,
406, 442; Terence, 407. Bentley
on Aesop, 403, 405; Aristophanes,
408; the digamma, 407 f; Euripides,
Epp., 404; Greek inscr., 406;
Homer, 407 f, 429, Journal of Phi-
lol. xiii. 122-163; Lucretius, 407;
Malalas, 410 f; Nicander, 407;
Phalaris, Epp., 403-5; Philostratus,
in Olearius' ed. (1709); Socrates,
Epp., 404; Synapheia, 402; The-
mistocles, Epp., 404. Bentley on
Barnes, 358; Boyle, 404; Castel-
vetro, 134; Madame Dacier, 292
n. 2; J. F. Gronovius, 321; Jakob
Gronovius, 329; D. Heinsius, 314;
Huet, 292; Pearson, 351; Pope,
410f; Scaliger, 203, 292; Stanley,
352; Temple, 403; Wasse, 412; the
Vossian MSS, 322 f; the three Hea
venly Witnesses, 425. Bentley's
relations to Burman, 409, 442;
Graevius, 328, 402, 408; Hem-

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A History of Classical Scholarship ...: From the revival of learning to the ...