Hë ëode buta (D. Marc. 14, 68). - In passages such as: Aelc man ge binnan burgum ge bûtan (Eâdg. II, 1) » bûtan‹ is not to be considered as adverb, but as preposition, the object of which is to be supplied. "Butan" as preposition. Already at a very early period »bûtan<< was used as preposition and originally in accordance with its original local meaning, as local preposition, governing the dative case, with the meaning of the modern preposition »without« in the sense of »outside«, denoting rest as well as movement. Aehta and âgend þâ be-ûtan beó₫ earce bordum (Cädm. Gen. 1353); Hig vaeron bûtan birig (Aelfr. Gen. 44, 4). (Se gehâlgoda sacerd) forbärne pät celf bûtan þaere vicstôve! (Aelfr. Lev. 4, 21). Ic ville, pät... nân man ne ceápige bûtan porte (Legg. Eadv. I, 2). Laedde hine butan þâ vîc (Marc. 8, 23). Awurpon hine bûta þaère ceastra (D. Luc. 4, 29). From the idea of being without in a local sense arose the same idea in a figurative sense; therefore »bûtan« denotes an exception of a whole or a general idea and therefore has the meaning of praeter, except, excepting. Ealle bûton ânum (Beov. 705). And älc þing, þe lîf häfde, vearð âdŷd, bûton þâm ânum, þe binnan þam arce vaeron (Aelfr. Gen. 7, 23). Eall hira hîvraeden bûtan geongum litlingum and heordum (ib. 50, 8). On paem waeron eac pa men ofslaegene buton fifum (Sax. Chr. 897). Ymb fyrst vucan bûtan ânre niht (Menol. 87). Him on môd be-arn, þät he volde... eall gedaelan svylc him god sealde, bûton folescare and feorum gumena (Beov. 67). When the general idea referred to by »bûtan« stands in the dative case, it is doubtful whether the dative following »bûtan<< depends on »bûtan« or on the verb governing the general idea of the principal sentence; f. i. Ne ... ic þàm sâvlum ne môt aenigum sceđđan bûtan þâm ânum, pe he tô âgen nyle(Cädm.Sat. 145); »pâm ânum« depends either on >>bûtan« used as preposition, or on »sceđđan<; in the latter case »bûtan« would be used as elliptical conjunction. We have the same case in the following example: Naefre ic aenegum men aer âlŷfde þrydärn Dena bûton þe nu þâ (Beov. 655); Mr. Heyne believes >> bûton<< here to be a preposition, and Mr. Grein a conjunction. We shall have occasion to speak afterwards about this elliptical use of »bûtan<. Here we need only remark that it seems almost impossible to decide in each case, whether >>bûtan<< is to be regarded as preposition or as conjunction. The preposition »bûtan« occurs equally in this sense in numerals, where it is used as the Latin »de«; f. i. ymb twentig wintra bûtan ân (Beda 5, 19). From this restricted privative meaning taken together with the original local meaning there arises the general privative meaning »sine«. The transition from the restricted to the general privative meaning is made by the omission of the general idea, an exception of which was originally introduced by »bûtan«, and the transition from the local to the general privative meaning is formed by examples such as: Gif hit unvitan aenige hvile healdad butan Instances of the gegevorden butan veres häftum, hit etc. (Sal. and Sat. 410). neral privative meaning are: þät väs frigum (Crist 37). His lîf väs eal bûton synnum (A. S. Hom. I, 26). God väs mid us geseven butan synnum (Crist 124). Aer đam daege butan sunnan and monan and eallum steorrum (Wr. Pop. tr. p. 4). Feoh butan gevitte (Sal. and Sat. 23). Â bûton ende (Cädm. Sat. 315). Butan anginne aefre (Crist 111), etc. This general privative meaning is still transgressed by another of its meanings, where it almost denotes an op position. This use, it is true, occurs but seldom. Ellþeódiges nu butan leódrihte lârum hŷrađ (Andr. 678). "Butan" as conjunction. From the preposition »bûtan« with the original metaphorical meaning >except«, there arises the conjunction >> bûtan<«<, the original meaning of which is the same. This gradual transition of the preposition to the conjunction may be illustrated by the following passages: And eall, pät þe styrad and leofad, beod eóv tô mete, svâ svâ grôvende vyrta ic betaehte ealle eóv, bûton þam ânum, þät ge flaesc mid blôde ne eton (Aelfr. Gen. 9, 3 and 4); »bûtan« in this passage is still the simple preposition, but the whole formula »bûton þam ânum þät« has the character of a conjunctional phrase connecting a whole sentence to the preceding one. A step further in this direction has been made in the following passages: (pät fär) heá väs âhafen on þâ heán lyft, þâ se êgorhere eorđan tuddor eall âcvealde, bûton pät earce bord heóld heofona freá (Cädm. Gen. 1401). Hit ne maeg tô nâhte, bûton paet hit sŷ ût-âworpen (Mt. 5, 13). In these two passages the demonstrative pronoun has been omitted, but the conjunction »pät« has been retained; this »>butan þät« still occurs frequently in A. S. as well as in Old and in Mod. Engl. By omitting as well »pät«, »bûtan« becomes a simple conjunction. Other instances of the same kind of transition of the preposition to the conjunction are to be found with the A. S. aêr, aefter, biforan etc. Also in the following examination of the conjunction »bûtan« do not let us forget that the original meaning of this word is except« and that, in consequence, the accessory sentence introduced by »bûtan« denotes an exception of the thought expressed by the principal sentencè; in almost all its uses the word may be explained from this meaning. We must endeavour to distinguish two kinds of exceptions. Either the accessory sentence introduced by » bûtan<< denotes an exception which is represented as really existing in the present, the past or the future; in other words it really restricts the meaning of the principal sentence. In this case it is natural that »bûtan« should be followed by the mood of reality, viz. the indicative mood. Or the accessory sentence expresses an exception inasmuch as it asserts that there will be an exception concerning the validity of the principal sentence, should the thought expressed by the accessory sentence be realized. In short the accessory sentence is in this case the negative antecedent of a conditional sentence. Therefore it has not the character of reality or a real representation, but of a reflective one; therefore >>bûtan<< in this case requires the subjunctive mood. Accordingly, in denoting these two kinds of exceptive sentences we make use of the terms, for the former of: real exceptive sentence, for the latter of: conditional exceptive sentence. a. The real exceptive sentence. 1. Affirmative principal sentence. pät väs vaepna cyst, bûton hit väs mare, ponne aenig mon ôđer tô beadulâce ätberan meahte (Beov. 1659) In this instance the subject of the two sentences is the same; the subjects may also be different: Her on pissum geare ealle pa yldestan Angel cynnes witan gefeollan. . of anre upfloran, butan se halgan Dunstan arcebiscop ana aetstood uppon anum beame (Sax. Chr. 978). And da agangen waes tyn hund wintra geteled rimes . . . buton daer to lafe pa agan waes wintergeteles seofon and twentig. »Butan pät occurs in the passage quoted above: pâ se êgorhere eorđan tuddor eall âcvealde, buton pät earce bord heóld heofona freá (Cädm. Gen. 1402). 2. Negative principal sentence. On pissum geare naes nan faereld to Rome buton twegen hleaperes Aelfred cyng sende mid gewrittum (Sax. Chr. 889). We here quote the following passage: Nyston sorga viht tô begrornianne, butan heo godes villan lengest laesten (Cädm. Gen. 243). Here »butan« is followed by the subjunctive mood, although the accessory sentence is not the antecedent of a conditional sentence at all. We must rather consider the sentence as a real exceptive one, influenced and modified by the involved subjective reflexion. For the accessory sentence couples itself freely to the substantive sorga and the subjunctive mood has been caused by the idea of the activity of mind involved in the word »sorg«. 3. Interrogative principal sentence. No example has occurred to me. b. The conditional exceptive sentence. 1. Affirmative principal sentence. Ic þät gesverige þurh þät þu.. scealt . . . cvylmed veorđan, butan þu forlaete þâ leásunga (Elene 686). pät ve tîres vone â butan ende sculon ermđu dreógan, butan þu usic . . . hreddan ville (Crist 270). Nu bid fore þreó niht, þät he sceal . . gâst onsendan butan þu aer cyme (Andr. 185). Þa gife ic him Godes curs buton he cume to daedbote (Sax. Chr. 963). Bûte ge tô him gecyrren, se deófol cvecđ his sveord to eóv (Ps. 7, 12). Ic hine hrädlice heardan clammum on välbedde vrîđan pohte, pät he for mundgripe mînum scolde licgoan lîfbysig, bûtan his lîc svice (Beov. 963). 2. Negative principal sentence. Ne mäg þät gôd beón getymbrod bûton þät yfel beó aer tôvorpen (A. S. Hom. I, 144). Ne maeg man þone |