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"Here ye wyll clap your handes and extolle the strength of truth, that BRESTETH out, although we Pharisais (as ye Saduces call us) wolde oppresse it."-Gardners Declaration &c. against Joye, fol. 122. p. 2.

"The doloure of their heart BRASTE out at theyr eyen."

Sir T. More, Rycharde the Thirde, p. 65.

"Such mad rages runne in your heades, that forsaking and BRUSTING the quietnesse of the common peace, ye haue heynously and traytorously encamped your selfe in fielde."-Sir John Cheke. Hurt of

Sedition.

["No gate so strong, no locke so firme and fast,

But with that percing noise flew open quite, or BRAST."

Faerie Queene, book 1. cant. 8. st. 4.

Still, as he fledd, his eye was backward cast,
As if his feare still followed him behynd:

Als flew his steed, as he his bandes had BRAST."

Ibid. book 1. cant. 9. st. 21.]

THORP.

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'There stode a THROPE of syght ful delectable

In whiche poore folke of that village

Hadden her beestes."-Clerke of Oxenf. Tale, fol. 46. p. 1. col. 2.

"As we were entring at the THROPES ende."

Parsons Prol. fol. 100. p. 2. col. 1.

So of рEVETIKOS the Italians made Farnetico; and of Farnetico we make Frantick; and of Chermosino we make Crimson. In all languages the same transposition takes place; as in the Greek Kapdia and Kpadin, &c. And the Greeks might as well have imagined these to be two different words, as our etymologists have supposed BOARD and BROAD to be; though there is not the smallest difference between them, except this metathesis of the letter R: the meaning of BOARD and BROAD being the same, though their modern application is different.

F-Well. Be it so. I think your account of BRAWN has an

1 [So in Italian: Ghirlanda, Grillanda.-Orlando, Roldano, Rolando. "How my blood CRUDDLES!"-Dryden. Edipus, act 1. sc. 1.] ["I will not be crubbed."-Col. Wilson, in the House of Commons. "CRULLE was his here."-Millers Tale, 3314.--ED.]

advantage over Junius and Skinner:1 for your journey is much shorter and less embarrassed. But I beg it may be understood, that I do not intirely and finally accede to every thing which I may at present forbear to contest.

CHAPTER IV.

THE SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED.

F.-I SEE the etymological use you would make of the finals D, T, and N. But you said, early in our conversation, that WRONG was a past participle, as well as RIGHT; yet WRONG does not fall within any of those three classes.

H.-True. It belongs to a much more numerous and less obvious class of participles; which I should have been sorry to enter upon, till you had been a little seasoned by the foregoing.

WRONG is the past participle of the verb To Wring, Pringan, torquere. The word answering to it in Italian is Torto, the

1 Junius savs- BRAWN, callum; inde Brawn of a boar est callum aprugnum. Videntur autem BRAWN istud Angli desumpsisse ex accusativo Gr. Tapos, callus; ut ex проv, per quandam contractionem et literæ R transpositionem, primo fuerit pov, atque inde BRAWN."

Skinner says " BRAWN, pro Apro, ingeniose deflectit amicus quidam doctissimus a Lat. Aprugna, supple Caro; rejecto initiali A, P in B mutato, G eliso, et a finali per metathesin rov U premisso.

"2. BRAWN autem pro callo declinari posset a Gr. Twрwμa, idem signante; in ẞ mutato, w priori propter contractionem eliso, o posteriori in AU, et м in N facillimo deflexu transeunte.

"3. Mallem tamen BRAWN, pro Apro, a Teut. Brausen, fremere; vel a Brummen, murmurare. Sed neutrum placet.

"4. BRAWN etiam sensu vulgatissimo callum aprugnum signat. Vir rev. deducit a Belg. Beer, aper, et Rauw, Rouw, in obliquis Rauwen, Rouwen, crudus: quia exteri omnes hujus cibi insueti (est enim Angliæ nostræ peculiaris) carnem hanc pro crudo habent; ideoque modo coquunt, modo assant, modo frigunt, modo pinsunt. Sed obstat, quod nullo modo verisimile est, nos cibi nobis peculiaris, Belgis aliisque gentibus fere ignoti nomen ab insuetis sumsisse.

"5. Possit et deduci (licet nec hoc plane satisfaciat) ab A.-S. Bar, aper, et nun, contr. pro punnen vel ge-runnen, concretus, q. d. Barrun (i. e.) pars Apri maxime concreta, pars durissima."

past participle of the verb Torquere; whence the French also have Tort. It means merely Wrung, or Wrested from the RIGHT or Ordered-line of conduct.

F. If it means merely Wrung, the past participle of To Wring, why is it not so written and pronounced? Doctor Lowth, in his account of the English verbs

H.-O, my dear Sir, the bishop is by no means for our present purpose. His Introduction is a very elegant little treatise, well compiled and abridged for the object which alone he had in view; and highly useful to Ladies and Gentlemen for their conversation and correspondence; but affording no assistance whatever to reason or the human understanding: nor did he profess it. In the same manner an intelligent tasty milliner, at the court end of the town, may best inform a lady, what the fashion is, and how they wear the things at present; but she can give her little or no account perhaps of the materials and manufacture of the stuffs in which she deals ;-nor does the lady wish to know.

The bishop's account of the verbs (which he formed as well as he could from B. Jonson and Wallis) is the most trifling and most erroneous part of his performance. He was not himself satisfied with it; but says,-"This distribution and account, if it be just."

He laid down in the beginning a false rule: and the consequent irregularities, with which he charges the verbs, are therefore of his own making.

Our ancestors did not deal so copiously in Adjectives and Participles, as we their descendants now do. The only method which they had to make a past participle, was by adding ED or EN to the verb: and they added either the one or the other indifferently, as they pleased (the one being as regular

1

["Being a people very stubborne and untamed, or if it were ever tamed, yet now lately having quite SHOOKEN off their yoake."-Spenser's View of the State of Ireland. Todd's Edit. 1805. p. 303. "The shepheards boy (best KNOWEN by that name)."

Spenser. Colin Clouts come home agen, 1st line. "That every breath of heaven SHAKED it."-F. Queene, b. 1. c. 4. st. 5. "Who reapes the harvest sOWEN by his foe,

SOWEN in bloodie field, and bought with woe."-Ib. b. 1. c. 4. st. 42. "Old loves, and warres for ladies DOEN by many a lord."

Ibid. book 1. cant. 5. st. 3.

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as the other) to any verb which they employed and they added them either to the indicative mood of the verb, or to the past tense. Shak-ed or Shak-en, Smytt-ed or Smytt-en, Grow-ed or Grow-en, Hold-ed or Hold-en, Stung-ed or Stungen, Buyld-ed or Buyld-en, Stand-ed or Stand-en, Mow-ed or Mow-en, Know-ed or Know-en, Throw-ed or Throw-en, Sowed or Sow-en, Com-ed or Com-en, were used by them indifferently. But their most usual method of speech was to employ the past tense itself, without participializing it, or making a participle of it by the addition of ED or EN. So likewise they commonly used their Substantives without adjectiving them, or employing those adjectives which (in imitation of some other languages and by adoption from them) we now employ.

Take as one instance (you shall have more hereafter) the verb To Heave, Deafan.

By adding ED to the Indicative, they had the par

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By changing D to T, mere matter of pronunciation
By adding EN, they had the participle
Their regular past tense was (Par DoF).
By adding ED to it, they had the participle
By adding EN, they had the participle

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And all these they used indifferently. The ship (or any thing

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"Thou wouldst have heard the cry that wofull England made;
Eke Zelands piteous plaints, and Hollands TOREN heare."
Spenser. The Mourning Muse of Thestylis.

"That kiss went tingling to my very heart.
When it was gone, the sense of it did stay;
The sweetness CLING'D upon my lips all day."

Dryden's Marriage A-la-Mode, act 2. sc. 1.]

You will observe that this past tense Dar, DoF, Hove, was variously written, as Heff, Hafe, Howve.

"Whan Lucifer was HEFF in heuen

And ought moste haue stonde in euen."

"And Arcite anon his honde up HAFE."

Gower, fol. 92. p. 2. col. 2.

Knyghtes Tale, fol. 8. p. 2. col. 1.

"Yet hoved ther an hundred in HOWVES of silke Sergeaunts yt besemed that seruen at the barre."

Vision of P. Ploughman, fol. 4. p. 1.

"Nowe nece myne, ye shul wel understonde,
(Quod he) so as ye women demen al,
That for to holde in loue a man in honde
And hym her lefe and dere hert cal,
And maken hym an HOWUE aboue a call,
I mene, as loue another in this mene whyle,
She doth herselfe a shame, and hym a gyle."

Troylus, boke 3. fol. 176. p. 2. col. 2.

"Nowe, sirs, quod this Oswolde the Reue,
I pray you al, that ye not you greue
That I answere, and som dele set his HOUFE
For lefull it is with force, force of shoufe."

Reues Prol. fol. 15. p. 2. col. L.

N.B. In some copies, it is written Howue.

To set his Houfe or Howue, is equivalent to what the Miller says before,

"For I woll tell a legende and a lyfe

Both of a carpenter and hys wyfe,

Howe that a clerke set a wryghtes cappe."

Millers Tale, fol. 12. p. 1. col. 1.

'In this case it shal be very good to make a perfume underneth of the HOUE of an asse."-Byrth of Mankynde, fol. 30. p. 1.

"Also fumigation made of the yes of salt fysshes, or of the HOUE of a horse."-Ibid. fol. 33. p. 1.

"Strewe the powder or asshes of a calfes HOUE burnt."

"The stone HOUED always aboue the water."

Ibid. fol. 54.

P. 2.

Historie of Prince Arthur, 1st part, ch. 44. "Monkes and chanones and suche other that use grete ouches of syluer and golde on theyr copes to fastene theyr HODES ayenst the wynde."

Diues and Pauper, 7th Comm. cap. 12.

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