leading, mischievous folly; because it has a sham appearance of labour, learning, and piety. RIGHT is no other than RECT-um (Regitum), the past participle of the Latin verb Regere. Whence in Italian you have RITTO; and from Dirigere, DIRITTO, DRITTO: whence the French have their antient DROICT, and their modern DROIT. The Italian DRITTO and the French DROIT being no other than the past participle Direct-um." its different use and acceptation. Some lawyers reckon up near forty. From whence it follows that the Emperor and his lawyers, who begin their works with definition, would have done better, if they had proceeded more philosophico, and distinguished before they had defined. "Therefore in this great ambiguity of signification, what relief can be expected, must be had from the most simple and natural distribution; and this is what I am endeavouring."-Taylor's Elements of Civil Law, p. 40. "JURI operam daturum, prius nosse oportet, unde nomen JURIS descendat."-1b. p. 55. "Jus generale est : sed Lex juris est species. Jus ad non scripta etiam pertinet, Leges ad Jus scriptum." So says Servius, ad Virg. 1. Æn. 511. In this Dr. Taylor thinks Servius mistaking. I think the Doctor greatly mistaking, and Servius a good expositor.] It cannot be repeated too often, that, in Latin, G should always be pronounced as the Greek r; and c as the Greek K. If Regere had been pronounced in our manner, i. e. Redjere; its past participle would have been Redjitum, Retchtum, not Rectum. And if Facere, instead of Fakere, had been pronounced Fassere; its past participle would have been Fassitum, Fastum; not Fakitum, Faktum. [XEIP, MANUS. Xeip-ei-Xeip-epe, i. e. Ger-ere. Rem, or Resgerere, Re-gerere-Re-gere. So Gerere-Gessi-Re-gessi, Regsi, Rexi. "Et quidem, initio civitatis nostræ, populus, sine Lege certa, sine Jure certo, primum agere instituit; omniaque MANU a regibus gubernabantur."-Dis. lib. 1. Tit. 2. lex 2. § 1. "MANUS (says Dr. Taylor) is generally taken for power or authority, for an absolute, despotic, or unlimited controul. So Cicero (pro Quintio) -'Omnes quorum in alterius MANU vita posita est, sæpius illud cogitant, quod possit is, cujus in DITIONE et POTESTATE sunt, quam quid debeat, facere.' And Seneca (iii Controv.)-- Nemo potest alium in sua MANU habere, qui ipse in aliena est.' To bring home the word therefore, and to our purpose, MANUS, when applied to government, is that arbitrary kind of administration, which depends rather upon the will of one, than the consent of many."-Taylor's Elements of Civil Law, p. 6.] [The following are from Elfric's glossary: "Fas, Goder nih. Jus, manire pihe. Jus naturale, Gecynde nihz. Jus publicum, Ealdormanna nih. Jus Quiritum, Peala runder ɲihr."-ED.] This important word RECTUM is unnoticed by Vossius. And of In the same manner our English word JUST is the past participle of the verb jubere.1 the etymology of JUSTUM he himself hazards no opinion. What he collects from others concerning Rego and Jus, will serve to let the reader know what sort of etymology he may expect from them on other occasions. "REGO, et Rex (quod ex Regis contractum) quibusdam placet esse a peço, id est, facio. Isidorus Regem ait dici a recte agendo. Sed hæc Stoica est allusio. Nam planum est esse a Rego. Hoc Caninius et Nunnesius non absurde pro Rago dici putant: esseque id ab apxw, κατα μεταθεσιν. Sed imprimis assentio doctissimo Francisco Junio, qui suspicatur REGO, omniaque ejus conjugata, venire a nomine RAC, quod Babyloniis Regem notabat, &c. "Jus forense a juvando aut jubendo dici putant. Alii jus quidem culinarium a juvando deducunt; forense autem a jubendo. Recentiores quidam mirificas originationes commenti sunt. Sane Franciscus Conanus jus civile dici ait a juxta; quia juxta legem sit, et ei adæquetur et accommodetur, veluti suæ regulæ : quod etiam etymon adfert Jod. de Salas. At Galeotus Martius et Franciscus Sanctius tradunt, JUS prima sua significatione signare olera aut pultem: sed quia in conviviis pares unicuique partes dabantur, ideo metaphorice JUS vocatum, quod suum unicuique tribuit. Scipio Gentilis scribit cum prisci in agris viverent, sæpeque infirmiores opprimerentur a potentioribus, eos qui afficerentur, ad misericordiam excitandam ov o solitos exclamare. Vult igitur ab tov, JOUS (ut veteres loquebantur) dictum esse; quia infirmiores nil nisi JUS cupiant atque expostulent. Sane "Alteram quoque ervuoλoyuav idem adfert; ut a Jove sit Jus; quemadmodum Græcis dun (ut aiunt) quasi Atos Kovρn, Jovis filia. verisimilior hæc etymologia, quam prior; quam et ii sequuntur, qui Lovs dici volunt quasi Jovis Os; quia nempe id demum justum sit, quod Deus sit profatus." ["Quod si populorum JuSSIS, si principum decretis, si sententiis judicum JURA constituerentur."-Cicero de Leg. lib. 1. 5. "Qui perniciosa et injusta populis JUSSA descripserint."-Ibid. 1. 16. "The old Romans used IUSA [i. e. Iussa] for what we now write JURA. Quinctilian, 1-7, says the same." See Dr. Taylor, Civil Law, P. 42. Nel principio del mondo, sendo li habitatori rari vissono un tempo dispersi à similitudine delle bestie: dipoi multiplicando la generazione, si ragunarno insieme, et per potersi meglio difendere, cominciarno a riguardare fra loro, quello che fusse più robusto et di maggior' cuore, et fecionlo come capo, et l'obedivano. Da questo nacque la cognizione delle cose honeste et buone, differenti dalle pernitiose et ree: perchè veggendo che se uno noceva al suo benefattore, ne veniva odio et compassione tragli huomini, biasmando gli ingrati et honorando quelli che fussero grati, et pensando ancora che quelle medesime ingiurie potevano essere fatte a loro; per fuggire simile male, si riducevano a fare leggi, ordinare punizioni a chi contra facesse; donde venne la cognizione della Justitia."-Macchiavelli, Discorsi sopra Tito Livio, lib. 1. cap. 2.] X DECREE, EDICT, STATUTE, INSTITUTE, MANDATE, PRECEPT, are all past participles. F-What then is LAW? H.-In our antient books it was written Laugh, Lagh, Lage, and Ley; as Inlaugh, Utlage, Hundred-Lagh, &c. It is merely the past tense and past participle Lag or Læg,1 of the Gothic and Anglo-Saxon verb AAгGAN, Leczan, ponere and it means (something or any thing, Chose, Cosa, Aliquid) Laid down-as a rule of conduct. Thus, When a man demands his RIGHT; he asks only that which it is Ordered he shall have. A RIGHT Conduct is, that which is Ordered. A RIGHT reckoning is, that which is Ordered. A RIGHT line is, that which is Ordered or directed—(not a random extension, but) the shortest between two points. THE RIGHT road is, that Ordered or directed to be pursued (for the object you have in view).3 To do RIGHT is, to do that which is Ordered to be done. To be in the RIGHT is, to be in such situation or circumstances as are Ordered. To have RIGHT or LAW on one's side is, to have in one's favour that which is Ordered or Laid down. A RIGHT and JUST action is, such a one as is Ordered and commanded. A JUST man is, such as he is commanded to be-qui Leges || Juraque servat 3-who observes and obeys the things Laid down and commanded. 1 FIF 1 [On dam Fix bocum de Moyrer aprar Leuiticus is seo Pridde. Numerur Feorde. seo fifre yr gehazen Deuteronomium. dær yr oder LACU.-Elfric. De Veteri Testamento.] ["All keepe the broad high way, and take delight With many rather for to goe astray, And be partakers of their evill plight, Then with a few to walke the RIGHTEST way." Spenser's Faerie Queene, booke 1. canto 10. stanza 10.] It will be found hereafter that the Latin Lex (i. e. Legs) is no other than our ancestors' past participle Læg. But this intimation (though in its proper place here) comes before the reader can be ripe for it. In the mean time he may, if he pleases, trifle with Vossius, concerning Lex: LEX, ut Cic. 1 de Leg. et Varro, v. de L. L. testantur, ita dicta ; The RIGHT hand is, that which Custom and those who have brought us up have Ordered or directed us to use in preference, when one hand only is employed: and the LEFT hand is, that which is Leaved, Leav'd, Left; or, which we are taught to Leave out of use on such an occasion. So that LEFT, you see, is also a past participle. F-But if the laws or education or custom of any country should order or direct its inhabitants to use the LEFT hand in preference; how would your explanation of RIGHT hand apply to them? And I remember to have read in a voyage of De Gama's to Kalekut, (the first made by the Portuguese round Africa,) that the people of Melinda, a polished and flourishing people, are all Left-handed." H.-With reference to the European custom, the author describes them truly. But the people of Melinda are as Right-handed as the Portuguese: for they use that hand in Sunt quibus a Legendo quia Legi soleat, quo omnibus innotescat. quidem dici placeat; sed quatenus Legere est Eligere. Augustinus, sive alius, in quæst. Novi Testam. 'LEX ab Electione dicta est, ut e multis quod eligas sumas.' Aliqui etiam sic dici volunt, non quia populo Legeretur, cum ferretur :--quod verum etymon putamus :-sed quia scriberetur, Legendaque proponeretur. At minime audiendus Thomas, quæst. xc. art. 1. ubi LEGEM dici ait a Ligando. Quod etymon plerique etiam Scholasticorum adferunt." ["LEX (says Dr. Taylor in his Civil Law) is a general term, including every law enacted by a proper authority."-p. 146. The Greek words Nouos and copos have similar derivations from Νεμω, rego; and Τιθημι, pono. In page 147, Dr. Taylor says "LEX, in the large idea of it, includes every law enacted by a proper authority, and is applicable to the Law of Nature, as well as the Civil Law; and to customary, or unwritten law, with the same propriety, as to written. It means a Rule, a Precept, or Injunction: a number or system of which, as we have seen above, gives us the idea of Jus.” 1 "Hac LEGE tibi meam adstringo fidem."-Terence, Eunuch. Ea LEGE atque omine, ut, si te inde exemerim, ego pro te molam.” See Dr. Taylor, how he boggles, p. 151.] ["When the Grecians write, or calculate with counters, they carry the hand from the left to the right; but the Egyptians, on the contrary, from the right to the left: and yet pretend, in doing so, that preference which is Ordered by their custom, and Leave out of employ the other; which is therefore their LEFT hand.1 F-Surely the word RIGHT is sometimes used in some their line tends to the right, and ours to the left."-Littlebury's Translation of Herodotus, Euterpe, book 2. p. 158. He from right to left Cowper's Iliad, vol. 1. ed. 2. p. 29. Rich nectar from the beaker drawn alert Distributed to all the powers divine."-Ibid. vol. 1. ed. 2. p. 35. "Then thus Eupithes' son Antinoüs spake. From right to left, my friends! as wine is given, Come forth, and in succession try the bow." Cowper's Odyssey, vol. 2. book 21. p. 230.] 1 [In the 8th canto of the 1st book of the Faerie Queene, Spenser in the 10th stanza tells us, that Arthur, in his combat with the giant, "smott off his LEFT arme." With blade all burning bright He smott off his LEFT arme, which like a block Did fall to ground.”—Faerie Queene, booke 1. canto 8. st. 10. After which he tells us, in the 17th and 18th stanzas, that this same giant, all enraged with smart and frantick yre, Came hurtling in full fiers, and forst the knight retyre. In one alone LEFT hand he now unites, Which is through rage more strong than both were erst." Ibid. booke 1. canto 8. st. 18. This force in the LEFT hand, after the LEFT arme had been smitten off, puzzled the editors of Spenser; accordingly in four editions, RIGHT hand is substituted for LEFT. On this last passage Mr. Church says,-"So the first and second editions, the folio of 1609, and Hughes's first edition, read: which is certainly wrong; for it is said, st. 10, 'He smott off his LEFT arme ' I read with the folios 1611, 1679, and Hughes's second edition,RIGHT HAND." On which Note Mr. Todd says,-" Mr. Church, I believe, has followed too hastily the erring decision of those editions which readRIGHT HAND. The poet means LEFT as a participle: the giant has now but one single hand LEFT; in which, however, he unites the force of |