such distinction we have no information, as the extreme jealousy of the people shuts out all local inquiry.

Kairwan is supposed by Shaw to occupy the site of the Vicus Augusti in Antonine's Itinerary; but, notwithstanding the deference due to so great an authority, this supposition is contested by Temple and others, apparently on pretty good grounds. The present city was built about a. C. 670, about the time when Africa was invaded by the general of the Ommiyade, khalif Moawyad I. In 802, the governor of W. Africa threw off his allegiance to the khaliph, declared himself independent, and established his capital at Kairwan. In 969, the seat of government was transferred to Cairo, since which its importance, though still considerable, has materially declined. (Shaw's Travels; Temple's Excursions, vol. ii. p. 92-96.)

KAISARIAH (an. Mazaca, and afterwards Cæsarea), a town of Asiatic Turkey, prov. Karamania, sandjiak of its own name, on the Karasa (an. Milas), a tributary of the Euphrates, 140 m. E. N.E. Konieh, and 135 m. S.E. Angora, lat. 38° 42′ N., long. 35′ 20′′ 20′′ E. Pop., according to Kinneir, about 25,000, of whom 2,000 are Armenians, Greeks, and Jews. It is situated on the E. side of a fertile plain of great length, and in a recess formed between two spurs projecting from the lofty, snow.covered Mount Erdjisk, the Argæus of antiquity. The houses, though built of stone and brick, have a mean appearance, and the streets are said to be the filthiest in Turkey. It is surrounded by a wall now in ruins, and in the suburb are some interesting re. mains of a Roman city. Several mosques, one Greek and two Armenian churches, a convent, and some mausoleums, are the chief public buildings. Kaisariah is the emporium of an extensive trade, and the resort of merchants from all parts of Asia Minor and Syria, who come to purchase cotton cultivated in the vicinity in great quantities, and sold either in a raw state or when manufactured into cloth. Cotton thread and cloth constitute the chief articles of industry; and there are some tanneries of yellow Morocco leather. The land in the neighbourhood is fertilised by the inundations of the Karasa, and produces an abundance of large and delicious-flavoured fruits and vegetables. The climate is very healthy, except within the town, where epidemics prevail, owing to the offal, &c. left in the streets to decay and Infect the air.

Mazaca, the anc. cap. of Cappadocia, took the name of Cæsarea in honour of Tiberius. Its antiquity is attested by Strabo, who also gives an excellent description of the neighbouring mountain. It was the residence of the kings of Cappadocia previously to its being annexed to the Roman empire, after which it continued to increase in size and beauty. An amphitheatre and many temples were erected; and in the reign of Valerian, when Shapoor I. king of Persia pillaged the city, and massacred its inhabs., it is said to have had a pop. of 400,000 persons, though this is most probably far beyond the mark. (Gibbon, i. 439.) Its dimensions were contracted by Justinian, who rebuilt the walls: it was raised to the dignity of an apostolic see, and gave birth to St. Basil. Having been destroyed by an earthquake, it was afterwards rebuilt, and by turns became subject to the sultan of Iconium, the princes of Karaman, and the grand seignior. (Kinneir's Asia Minor, p. 98-106.; Geog. Journ., vol. viii.; Dict. Géog., &c.)

KAISARIAH, a ruined town and sea-port of Palestine. (See CESAREA.)

KALISZ, a city of Poland, and the most westerly in the Russian dominions, cap. palat. of the same name, on an island in the Prosna, immediately within the Russian frontier, 128 m. W. S.W. Warsaw, and 70 m. S.E. Posen. Pop. estimated at 15,000, of whom 2,500 are Jews. This is one of the finest cities in the kingdom. It is sur rounded by old walls flanked with towers, and entered by five gates; and has a citadel founded by Cassimir the Great. Its streets are broad and well paved, and several are planted with trees: its houses are generally good. The most remarkable public edifices are the former palace of the voivodes, now occupied by the courts of law, the cathedral, church of St. Nicholas, and the Lutheran church. Besides the cathedral, there are five R. Catholic churches and six convents, a synagogue, a R. Catholic gymnasium or lyceum, with a fine library, and large scientific collections, a military school with 200 students, several superior female seminaries, elementary schools, attended by about 300 children of both sexes, a school of midwifery, &c. (Horschelmann's Stein, i. 701.) It has also a theatre, a house of charity, and three hospitals. Kalisz is a town of some industry, having manufactures of linen and woollen cloths, and leather. A fine road leads to Opatowek, a village about 6 m. distant E. S. E., celebrated for its large manufacture of woollens, and its gardens, which form the favourite resort of the inhab. of Kalisz. This city was founded about 655, and was long the residence of the dukes of Great Poland. Near it, in 1706, the Poles totally defeated the Swedes; and in Sep. 1835, a grand military muster and

review took place at Kalisz, attended by the sovereigns of Russia, Austria, and Prussia. (Malle-Brun; Tableau de la Pologne Balbi Stein.)

KALPEE, or CALPEE, a large and populous town of British India, presid. and prov. Agra, on the S. bank of the Jumna, 45 m. S.W. Cawnpore. It is a place of considerable trade, being an entrepôt for the transport of cotton from the S.W. of India to the Gangetic provs.; and has also manufactures of sugar-candy, paper, &c.

KALUGA, a government of Russia in Europe, near its centre; chiefly between lat. 53° 30', and 55° 30′ N., and long. 33° 40 and 37° E., having W. the gov. of Smolensk, N. the latter and Moscow, E. Tula, and S. Orel. Area, according to Kæppen, 11,470 sq. m. Pop., in 1838, 915,000. Surface an almost uninterrupted plain, watered by numerous rivers, of which the Oka and its tributaries are the principal. Climate tolerably mild for the lat. Soil mostly either sandy or hard clay, and not fertile. Forests occupy more than half the surface. Arable lands rather more than 2-5ths; but a good deal of manure is required to render the latter even moderately productive; and the agricultural produce is not adequate to the consumption of the inhabitants. Rye is principally grown; but oats, wheat, and barley, are also cultivated; as are hemp and flax. Cattle not numerous, and but little valued; but there are in the gov. 2 extensive studs for the breeding of superior horses. The fisheries are insignificant; little game is met with. Bog-iron is found, but in no great quantity, and a good deal has to be imported to supply the various iron works. This government being so little suitable for agriculture, the attention of its inhabitants has been naturally turned towards manufacturing industry; in this respect, Kaluga ranks immediately after the governments of Moscow and Vladimir. In 1830, 18,600 workmen were employed in distilleries and manufactures of sail cloth, linen and cotton goods, leather, soap, candles, and hardware. The manufacture of beet-root sugar has been lately introduced. Nearly all the peasants' families employ a considerable portion of their time in weaving. Many of the merchants in this government are opulent, and some have commercial transactions with foreign countries, through Archangel. The chief exports are oils, spirits, potash, honey, linen, sail-cloth, and other manufactured goods. The chief commercial towns are Kaluga, and Borofsk. The inhabitants are nearly all of the Russian stock. Kaluga is divided into 11 districts, and is under the same military governor with Tula. Its scholastic institutions are under the university of Moscow, but they are extremely deficient; and it has only one printing press, which is the property of the crown! KALUGA, a town of Russia in Europe, cap. of the above gov., on the Oka, near where it suddenly turns eastward, 105 m. S.E. Moscow. Lat. 54° 30 27" N.; long. 36° 17′ 12′′ E. Pop. 25,660. (Schnitzler.) Though comprising no more than about 3,800 houses, it is said to occupy a space of 10 versts, or little short of 7 m. in circ., and is divided into 3 quarters by the Oka and its tributary the Kaloujeka, It is an ill built town, with narrow, crooked, and ill-paved streets, and wooden houses. There are, however, some good public edifices, as the high church, government-house, town-hall, and theatre. Of the 24 churches, 23 are of stone; a convent, also a stone building, gymnasium, seminary for poor children of noble birth, foundling asylum, several work. houses and hospitals, and a house of correction, are the other chief public establishments. Kaluga is one of the most important manufacturing and commercial towns in the empire: it has 5 sail-cloth factories employing 400 weavers, and 1,000 spinners, between 30 and 40 oil factories, numerous tan-yards, some sugar-refineries, and manufactures of woollen cloth, cotton fabrics, hats, paper-hangings, earthenware, soap, vitriol, &c. Besides carrying on an extensive internal trade, its merchants make large exports of lamb-skins, Russia leather, and wax, to Dantzíc, Breslau, Berlin, and Leipsic. (Schnitzler, La Russie, pp. 133-138.; Possart, Russland, pp. 517

520.)

KAMINIETZ (Polish, Kaminiec Podolski), a town of Russian Poland, gov. Podolia, of which it is the cap., on the Smotryez, about 12 m. from its junction with the Dneistr, 215 m. S.E. Kief, and 300 m. N.W. Odessa; lat. 48° 40′ 30′′ N., long. 27° 1'30" E. Pop., in 1830, according to an official document, 15,599; but this is probably much exaggerated in 1822 it had only 600 houses and 8,000 inhab., many of whom were Jews. It is irregularly laid out, with narrow streets, and wooden houses. It has, however, some conspicuous edifices of stone and other solid materials; including the cathedral, dedicated to St. Peter and St. Paul, a Gothic building containing 15 altars and a nave, supported by 150 columns. Near it is a column supporting a statue of the Saviour. The church of the Dominicans, originally constructed of wood, in 1360, was rebuilt in stone after the expulsion of the Turks in the 18th century. There are in all 5 R. Catholic, and 4 Greek churches, and I

Armenian church, a fine edifice, completed in 1767. The R. Catholics have several convents. The other chief public buildings are the government library, circle school, and new gymnasium, commenced in 1837.

The town was formerly walled, but its works were levelled, by order of the Russian government, in 1812.* It is, however, still defended by a citadel and another fortress. The former, situated on a steep isolated rock overlooking the town, might be made impregnable, but it is commanded by some more lofty adjacent heights. Kaminiec was however, for a lengthened period, the principal bulwark of Poland on the side of Turkey. It was founded by the sons of Olgherd, in 1331, after that prince had wrested Podolia from the Tartars. It was soon after fortified, and in 1374 attained the rank of a city. It remained attached to Poland till its final capture by the Russians in 1793, except from 1672 to 1699, during which it was in the possession of the Turks. (Schnitzler, La Russie, pp. 500, 501.; Possart, Das Kaiserth. Russl., p. 873.)

KAMTSCHATKA, a large peninsula at the N.E. extremity of Asia, forming a part of the Russian gov. of Irkutsk, and bounded N. by the country of the Tchuktchí, E. by the Aleutian archipelago, and W. by the sea of Okhotsk. It lies between the 51st and 62d parallels of N. lat., and the 166th and 167th deg. of E. long.; has a length of about 800 m., and a breadth varying from 100 to 250 m., the area being very loosely estimated at 80,000 sq. m. Supposed pop. only 5,000, of whom about 1,500 are Russians. The coast line on the W. side is tolerably regular, the Gulph of Penginsky, at its N. end, forming the only considerable exception; but on the E. side are several extensive bays, enclosed respectively between the capes Chipunsky, Kronotzky, Kamtschatka, Ozernoy, and Olutorsky, the last of which is near the N.E. end of the peninsula: C. Lopatka (lat. 51° 0 15" N., long. 152° 2' 15" E.) is the S. extremity of Kamtschatka. The coast, generally speaking, is abrupt and rocky, especially on the E. side, and the peninsula, when viewed from the sea, presents the appearance of a barren and desolate rock; but in the interior there are plains of considerable extent, having a soil well adapted for tillage. The high lands, which cover about two thirds of the entire surface, consist of a chain of volcanic mountains, running in a S.S.W. direction. Many volcanos in this chain have been ascertained by Erman and Lutké to be in a high state of action; and it seems very probable that, geologically considered, they form only one extremity of a great volcanic belt, continued through the Kurile and Japanese islands, Formosa, and the islands of the E. Indian archipelago.

The following statements are drawn up from the observations of the naturalists in Commodore Lutké's expedition, in 1827-30, and of Prof. Erman, who visited Kamtschatka in 1829. In the main range running N. from C. Lopatka, 13 summits, with craters and hot springs, have been observed within the 51st and 56th parallels, one other height being isolated, and lying W. of the principal chain. The elevation of 9 summits has been accurately measured, and appears to be as follows: 10,610 ft.

Assatchinsky

insky

Vilutchinsky

A vatcha

Koriata

Juponov

:

8,340 ft. 6,846

8,760 11,120 9,060

Kronotsky Klutchewsky Tolbachin

Chevelutch

16,500

8,250

10,590

The most active are Assatchinsky, Avatcha, and Klut. chewsky. The scoriæ and ashes thrown from the first, in 1828, were carried as far as Petropaulowsky, 120 versts distant; and it appears to be more or less in continual activity. In 1827 there was a violent eruption of Mount Avatcha, during which, besides lava and stones, a very large quantity of water was ejected; a phenomena remarked also by Humboldt in the volcano of Karkuarizo, a little N. of Chimborazo, in the Colombian Andes, and known to have occurred, though in a less degree, during the eruptions of Etna and Vesuvius. At the summit is a crater several hundred yards in circ., formed by a wall 30 ft. high, composed of porphyry, felspar, and trachyte; and on the E. side, at an elevation of about 5,000 ft., is another crater, now extinct, and similar both in origin and appearance to the Somma of Mount Vesuvius. Klutchewsky, which, in common with six others, continually emits smoke, was during the last century in very violent action, sometimes for a year or two at a time, sending forth vitrified stones, lava, pumice, and water after having been comparatively quiet for about 40 years, it broke out again during Erman's visit in 1829. It presents a large base, swelling in an elliptic curve, and crowned by four cones: its geological components are trachyte, Labrador felspar, obsidian, and lava, and on its sides are numerous thermal springs of high temperature, Indeed, the general formation of Kamtschatka is of ig. neous origin, comprising porphyry, jasper, felspar, schist, trachyte, dolomite, &c.; the W. side, however, is composed of Neptunian, secondary, and tertiary rocks, among

*Balbi (1837) says they have been since restored.

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97

which may be distinguished various beds of lignites, sandstone, iron-sand, and chalk, in the last of which are found large quantities of yellow amber: fossil shells in great variety have been discovered in all the secondary and tertiary formations of this interesting peninsula. The shape of Kamtschatka precludes the possibility of there being any extensive rivers; and, accordingly, those met with resemble torrents more than rivers, being either nearly dry, or flooded and rapid: the Kamtschatka river, however, is alleged to be capable of admitting vessels of 100 tons about 150 m. up the stream.

The severity of the climate, though considerable, has been greatly exaggerated. The average temperature in the middle of winter is about 10° Réaum.; that of summer is about 7°; but the difference seems greater, owing to the prevalence of raw piercing winds, and thick fogs. Still, if any judgment may be formed from the health of the inhabs., it cannot be unwholesome; for they are robust and long-lived, and there are few diseases, except small-pox, syphilis, &c. introduced by the Russians, who also corrupted the pop. by familiarising them with the use of ardent spirits. (See Dobell's Travels, vol. i. p. 87.) The vegetation is generally considered to be very limited; but the limits are prescribed by man rather than by nature. Rye, barley, potatoes, cabbages, turnips, hemp and flax, with several other plants peculiar to the country, may be raised successfully, with moderate attention; but the people are, with few exceptions, devoted to hunting, able to live on game and dried fish, and extremely loath to engage in the more civilising, though less exciting pursuit of agriculture, the first attempts at which date no further back than 1810. Among the fruits may be mentioned the raspberry, red currant, whortle-berry, cranberry, a delicious species of strawberry called knejnika, a wild cherry called cheroonka, and a kind of apricot or plum. The forest trees comprise the birch, fir, larch, poplar, cedar, willow, and juniper. Pasturage has hitherto been little followed; but the abundance of grass shows that if there was an inclination towards it, the pursuit would be profitable. The animals usually hunted comprise bears, lynxes, sea and river otters, rein-deer, foxes of different colours, sables, beavers, &c.; and the number of skins exported is supposed to average about 30,000 a year, chiefly of foxes and sables. Among the birds, the principal are moor-game of different kinds, and many varieties of water-fowl, the eggs of which, saturated with oil, constitute the chief food of the inhabs. The fish caught in the rivers comprise many varieties of salmon, some of which are peculiar to the country, all serving most essentially to supply winter food: the sea also abounds with cod, herrings, &c., and seals; walruses and whales furnish oil, exclusively employed for domestic purposes.

The trade of Kamtschatka, owing to the exactions of the Russian governors, who, in consequence of their great distance from Petersburg, or even Tobolsk, have few checks on their own cupidity, is of course extremely limited. Taxes are taken in skins; and the people complain bitterly, that no equitable system of taxation has been authorised by the imperial government. Hence, wholly left to the mercy of individual officers, they justly apprehend the insecurity of property, and want the chief motive for improving the natural resources of the country: labour is confined to the supply of merely temporary necessities, domestic comforts are little known or cared for, and affluence is scarcely ever attained even by the most provident and laborious. Furs and dried fish are exported from Petropaulowsky, chiefly by the Russians and Dutch, who bring in exchange rice, flour, coffee, sugar, brandy, and whisky.

chardales and Koriasising her tribes of the Kamte

natives, comprising the two of

than in physical conformation, are of low stature, but stout and broad in the shoulders, with large heads, flat and broad faces, prominent cheek-bones, thin lips, lank black hair, and eyes deeply sunk in the head. Their features seem to identify them with the Mongolian race, to which they are certainly more closely allied than to the Esquimaux, with whom Cochrane and Langsdorff have erroneously classed them. The Kamtschatdales are described by Dobell as being shy and averse to strangers, but at the same time intelligent, and fully capable of improvement, if endeavours were made to instruct them in the arts of civilised life. Honesty, openness of character, and extreme hospitality, are prevailing features among them; but it has been remarked by more than one traveller, that their morals have been much debased by the introduction of felons from Siberia, and the quartering of Russian troops at Petropaulowsky: drunkenness has since that period been an increasing evil, and now threatens to be as destructive to the Kamtschatdales as to the Indian tribes of N. America. Their employment, when not agricultural, is hunting and fishing. They live in fixed habitations; but dwellings are low, comfortless, and extremely filthy, sunk in the ground in the winter months, and raised on posts during summer, to facilitate the curing of fish,

H

which is hung up on lines to dry. In travelling they use dogs instead of horses. These animals somewhat resemble the English shepherd-dog, are extremely intelligent, and endure an almost incredible degree of labour and privation. They are fed during the winter, when they are principally used, on offal and decayed fish, and in the summer are allowed to roam abroad, and shift for themselves. Few Kamtschatdales have less than six, and some upwards of twenty, the whole number of dogs being estimated at 3,000. When used for draught they are harnessed, two and two to a sledge, one particularly well trained being placed in front as leader. The sledge is in the shape of an oblong basket about 3 ft. long, and raised 3 ft. from the ground: the driver usually sits sideways, like a lady on horseback, and urges the dogs by throwing at thein a stick, which he afterwards catches with great dexterity. Occasionally parties travel in company "and then," says Dobell, "the eagerness and impatience of the dogs, and the rivalry of the kyoorshiks, or drivers, are worthy to be compared with the exertions of the high-blooded coursers of Newmarket; nor does the management and driving of the dogs require much less skill and attention than are needed in the latter case, to arrive at perfection, and gain the palm of victory." The Koriaks, who inhabit the N. part of the peninsula, a wandering tribe, subsist on the produce of their herds of rein-deer, which they also use to draw their sledges. The number of Koriaks is unknown, and they are not included in the estimates of the population.

Kamtschatka was first known to the Russians in 1696, when Vladimir Atlassov invaded the peninsula, and made great part of it tributary to Peter the Great. The conquest was completed in 1706, since which, regular tribute has been paid, in furs, to the governor of Irkutsk. There are 4 districts, each of which is governed by a toion, or lieutenant, whose business is to preserve peace, enforce the orders of government, and collect the tribute, the quantity of which varies according to the character of the governor, and the favour which particular persons happen to enjoy. The commander of the troops resides at Petro. paulowsky, which for some years has been the principal place. Its population, however, does not exceed 700, while that of Nishni-Kamtschatk, the former capital, has scarcely 150 persons. Bolcheresk, a small harbour on the W. side of Kamtschatka has a pop. of about 200. (Cochrane's Travels in Siberia, ii. 27-56.; Lutke's Voyages, iii. 64-98.; Erman: Reise um die Erde, i. 415420.; Dobell's Kamtschatka, &c., 1. 1-188.)

KANDAHAR. See CANDAHAR. KANNAGHERRY (Khanagiri), a town of Hindostan, prov. Bejapoor, formerly the cap. of a Hindoo principality, 19 m. N.W. Bijnagur. It is beautifully situated in a valley, enclosed by wooded declivities, and partially encircled by a rivulet. The principal street is very spacious, and at one extremity is a fine pagoda to Krishna, the interior of which is elaborately ornamented with stucco bas-reliefs. Various other temples have been converted into dwelling houses or stables by the Mussulman pop.; and the vicinity abounds with fragments of Hindoo monuments. (Hamilton's E. I. Gaz.)

KANOJE (Kanyacubja), a town of Hindostan, prov. Agra, and, according to Rennell, possibly the an. Calinipaza mentioned by Pliny, about 2 m. from the Ganges, 118 m. E. by S. Agra, and 67 m. W.N.W. Luck now; lat. 27° 4' N., long. 79° 47′ E. It is now degraded into a mere second-rate town of the district of Etaweh; but it is mentioned by Ferishta as having been once the cap. of the principal kingdom along the Ganges, comprising the mod. provs. of Delhi, Agra, Oude, and Serinagur. The Indian histories are full of accounts of its grandeur and extent; and for a distance of 6 m. the traveller now wanders over a tract covered with scattered ruins of brick and other buildings. The most perfect vestige of the an. Hindoo city is a portion of a small and rude pagoda, its interior adorned with figures of Lakshmi and Rama, surrounded by the Hindoo pantheon in miniature. There are several handsome tombs, mosques, and other Mohammedan edifices in stone, Kanoje having been taken by the Mohammedans under Mahmoud of Ghizni, in 1018. Under the Moguls it gave its name to a cirear; but it soon lost its importance, and, to complete its ruin, it was sacked by the Mahrattas in 1761. The mod. Kanoje consists of only a single street, and presents nothing worthy of note, except a citadel, close to which is the termination of a canal communicating with the Gauges. (Rennell, Memoir, &c.; Lord Valentia; Hamilton's E. I. Gaz.)

KARA-HISSAR. See AFIUM KARA-HISSAR. KARAK, or KHARRACK (the Icarus of Arrian), an island of the Persian Gulph, now belonging to the British, lat. 29° 13' N., long. 50° 21′ E., 35 m. N.W. Bushire. It has an area of 12 or 13 sq. m., with a pop. of about 300 or 400. "It affords a safe anchorage at all seasons, but more particularly during the severe gales which blow from the N. W., and are the prevailing winds in this sea. The greater part of the island is so rocky,

that little use can be made of it; but the E. side, being somewhat lower than the other parts, is capable of being cultivated. It has abundance of water. The inhab. gain a livelihood by gardening and fishing, and manufac ture a small quantity of common cloth for their own consumption. The island of Corgo, lying about 14 m. or 2 m. N. Karak, contains about 2 sq. m., and is of a light sandy soil. It has also plenty of water, but not of so good a quality as that of Karak; and although not inhabited at present, it is capable of being cultivated, and will produce both wheat and barley during the rainy seasons." (Kinncir's Pers. Empire, p. 18, 19.) Pearls of a superior colour and description are fished around the coasts of both islands. The Dutch, after having been obliged to abandon their factory at Bussorah, founded an establishment at Karak in 1748. They were, however, driven from it by the Arabs, about 1765. Karak was subsequently occupied by the Persians; and in 1807, for a short period, by the French. During our recent disagreement with the shah of Persia, the British resident, previously stationed at Bushire, removed thither; and the island was taken possession of by an English force in 1839. Its acquisition will give us the complete command of the Persian Gulph, and will be also serviceable from its affording a secure anchorage for our ships, and a station where they may water and refit. (Kinneir's Pers. Empire; Asiat. Journal.)

KARAMAN, a town of Asiatic Turkey in Karamania, 58 m. S.S.E. Konich; lat. 37° 10 N., long. 33°5′ E. Pop. 15,000.? It stands at the S. extremity of a large plain, and at the foot of the lofty range of Bedlerin-dagh, a branch of Mount Taurus: it covers with its squares and gardens a large area; the houses are of mud and sun-dried bricks, and have a mean wretched appearance; but the climate is salubrious, and water abundant. The public buildings comprise four mosques, with the ruins of others, numerous khans and hummums, and a castle on a height, now mouldering to decay. Karaman trades with Kaisariah, Smyrna, and Tarsus, in cotton fabrics, hides, and nutgalls; and it has a pretty extensive manufacture of blue cotton cloth, worn by the lower classes.

Karaman, which occupies the site of the ancient Laranda, is said to have been founded by Karaman Oghe, a powerful prince living in the 14th century. It was the cap. of a Turkish kingdom, which lasted from the time of the partition of the Seljuck dominions of Iconium till 1486, when Karamania was subjected by the Ottoman emperor Bajazet II. Konieh then became the seat of the pachalic, and from that period Karaman has been gradually falling into decay. (Kinneir's Asia М., р. 211.; Leake's Tour, p. 99.)

KARAMANIA. See TURKEY IN ASIA. KARASUBASAR, a town of European Russia, Crimea, 15 m. E. Simpheropol, inhabited by Tartars, Greeks, Russians, Jews, Armenians, &c. Pop., accord. ing to the official returns, nearly 11,000, which, if they may be depended upon, show a great increase within the last dozen years. Streets narrow, winding, and dirty. There are several graceful looking mosques, a new Rom. Catholic church, a large building, or khan, occupied by shops, &c. It is celebrated for the manufacture of a very superior sort of red and yellow morocco leather, and it contains several tanneries, candle and soap works, potteries, and tile-works. It is also the great mart of the Crimea for fruit, wine, and cattle. There is a weekly market, and a great annual fair. (Schnitzler, La Russie, &c., p. 736.; Lyell, i. 356.)

KARLSBURG. See CARLSBURG.

KARS, a town of Turkish Armenia, formerly cap. of a pachalic of the same name, on the Arpah-Chai, a tributary of the Aras or Araxes, 85 m. N.E. Erzeroum, and 160 m. E. by S. Trebisond; lat. 40° 25 N., long. 41° 10 E. Pop., in 1835, not exceeding 2,000 families. It is situated on the N. side of a plain, which, though about 4,000 ft. high, is extremely fertile: a part of it is walled, and there is a citadel, which, however, is commanded by heights within musket-shot on the other side the river. Two stone bridges unite the two portions of the city divided by the river, which encircles the walled portion on three sides. The houses of the citadel are tolerably large and well built, but those in the town below are of the underground architecture usual in the Armenian villages. The public buildings comprise several mosques, and one Armenian church outside the walls: the Armenian convent is uninhabited and in ruins. Kars being the centre of a fine corn-growing district, had formerly a considerable trade in farming produce; but it was nearly destroyed during the Russian invasion, and is only slowly recovering.

a

Kars, the origin of which is doubtful (Tournefort, ii. p. 295), was formerly a large town, with a pop. of nearly 8,000 families; but it is now little better tha than heap of ruins. During the Russian occupation, a large part of the Turkish pop, abandoned it, while at the same time the Armenians emigrated with the retreating army of the Russians, leaving many deserted villages and much unoccupied land. The present inhab, are about half

KASAN.

Turkish and half Armenian; the former being described as turbulent and impatient of subordination to the pacha of Erzeroum, under whom it is now a sandjiak, and the residence of a mutzellim. (Smith and Dwight's Miss. Researches, p. 91.; Geog. Journ. vi. 199.)

KASAN, one of the eastern governments of Russia in Europe, having N. Viatka, E. Orenburg. S. Simbirsk, and W. Nijegorod. Area, 24,000 sq. m. Pop. 1,200,000, partly Russians and partly Tchouvaches, of Finnish origin, Tartars, &c. It is traversed for a considerable distance by the Wolga, the Kama, one of the principal affluents of the latter, and by some lesser streams, and is inter spersed with numerous lakes. Surface generally flat, but in parts undulating and hilly; soil almost every where fertile, producing, with very imperfect culture, abundant crops of rye, wheat, hemp and flax, &c. Forests very extensive, covering nearly half the surface. Climate in winter very severe; but the summer, though short, is generally fine. Grazing is not well understood, and but little attention is given to the rearing of cattle. The fishery in the Kama is very productive. There are numerous distilleries, saw-mills, and potash works, with tanneries, &c. More than half the government belongs to the crown, which, in 1816, had 356,166 peasants. The public revenue in 1827 amounted to 6,205,314 roubles, of which 4,699,342 consisted of the obrok or rent pald by the peasants belonging to the crown. (Schnitzler, La Russie, &c., p. 665., &c.)

KASAN, a city of European Russia, cap. of the above government, on the Kasanka, about 4 m. above where it falls into the Wolga; lat. 55° 47′ 26" N., long. 49° 21' 9" E. Pop., in 1833, 57,000. After being burnt down by

m. E. from Loch Lomond. This, which is the most westerly and largest of a chain of lochs, consisting of lochs Venacher, Achray, and Katrine, the principal feeders of the Teith, is about 104 m. in length, and from 14 to 2 m. in width, of a serpentine form, and very deep. It is embosomed among lofty mountains, divided by deep ravines, whose sides, in parts clothed with wood down to the water's edge, and in parts consisting of bold rugged precipices, give it every variety of wild, picturesque scenery. Still, however, it was but seldom visited, and little known, till Scott made it the scene of his fine poem of The Lady of the Lake, when it at once attained the maximum of celebrity, and has since been annually resorted to by crowds of visiters. At the E. end of the loch, between it and Loch Achray, is the celebrated pass of the Trosachs, so beautifully described in stanzas 11-13. of the first canto of The Lady of the Lake.

KAZAMEEN, a town of Asiatic Turkey, prov. IrakArabi, on the W. bank of the Tigris, 3 m. N. Bagdad. Pop. 8,000.? chiefly Persians, who have been induced to settle here on account of its being the burying-place of two celebrated imams, to whose memory a noble mosque has been erected. It is ornamented with two gilded cupolas, and, like those of Meshed Ali and Kerbela, is supported by the contributions of pilgrims. The town has a decent bazaar, ma many coffee-houses, 3 hummums, and a caravanserai; and on the opposite side of the river is the tomb of Imam Abn Hanafi, another Mohammedan saint. (Kinneir.)

KEDGEREE, a town of British India, prov. Bengal, on the W. side of the Hooghly river, near its mouth, lat. 21° 55′ N., long. 88° 16′ E. It stands in a low,

therine II., on a more regular plan. It was again the prey of an accidental conflagration in September 1815, by which it was more than half destroyed; but, like Moscow, it has risen from its ashes larger and better built than ever. It stands on very uneven ground, interspersed with lakes, and consists, like most other Russian cities, of three parts: the kremlin or citadel, on a considerable eminence; the town, properly so called; and the slobodes, or suburbs. The town is well built, and has broad and spacious squares and market-places. In the suburbs, which are principally occupied by the Tartar pop., the houses are of wood, and the streets disgustingly filthy. Principal buildings, the grand cathedral, founded in 1552; the cathedrals of St. Peter and St. Paul, with several other cathedrals and churches, some of them built in the course of the present century. The convent of Bogoroditskoi Kasanskoi, rebuilt by the emperor Alexander; the hotel of the general governor; the archiepiscopal palace; the hotel of the nobles; the bazaar; the military hospital; the arsenal, &c. Kasan is one of the most literary towns in Russia. It has a university, founded in 1804, but which was not opened till 1814. It had, in 1835, 70 principal and subordinate professors, 238 pupils, and a library of above 28,500 volumes. Its principal object is to supply instruction in the eastern languages, or in Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Tartar, and Mongul; within the last three or four years a professorship has been established for giving instruction in the Chinese language and literature. The city has also one of the four great theological academies, with a gymnasium, an observatory, a grammar-school, a Tartar school, a school for the instruction of school-masters, &c.; and several journals and publications issue from its press, among which are comprised some works in the Turkish language. A great cloth manufactory, established by Peter the Great, is now the property of individuals, and employs about 1,000 work-people; and there are besides manufactories of cottons, hardware, earthenware, and tiles, with tanneries, soap-works, distilleries, &c. Kasan is the seat of an admiralty; and vessels are constructed for the navigation of the Wolga and the Caspian. It also carries on an extensive trade, for which its situation adjoining the Wolga gives it peculiar facilities. About 15,000 of the pop. are Mohammedans. The rest, with the exception of a of a few Protestants, belong to the established Greek church. (Schnitzler, La Russie, &c. p. 671., &c.)

KASCHAU, a royal free city of Hungary, in the circ. on this side the Theiss, co. Abaujvar, on the Hernad, 123 m. N.E. Pesth. Pop. 13,600. It is well-built, with fine squares, and regularly laid out streets; and has 13 Rom. Cath. and 2 Lutheran churches, besides a theatre, and several other handsome public buildings. The chief public establishments are a royal academy, with a library of 10,000 vols., and a fine collection of natural history, a gymnasium, an episcopal seminary, a school for nobles (adleges Kouvikt), and a military asylum: it is the seat of a county-assembly and court of justice; and has manufactures of tobacco, cutlery, earthenware, paper, &c.; and a large transit trade with Poland. (Oesterr. Nat. Encyc.; Berghaus.)

KATRINE (LOCH), a lake of Scotland, in the dis trict of Monteith, in the S.W. part of Perthshire, on the confines of Stirlingshire, 8 m. W. Callander, and 5

notwithstanding, much healthier than Diamond Harbour, and ships of war, unless compelled by strong reasons, should never go higher up the river. A lighthouse has been erected a few miles further down, and of late years one has been established at Kedgeree, the charge for which, on ships sailing under British or American flags, is 3d. per ton per annum. The charge for pilotage to Kedgeree is half the full pilotage from the sea to Calcutta. A government marine officer is stationed at this town, who makes daily reports of the ships which arrive and sail. (Hamilton's E. I. Gaz.; Commercial Dict.)

KEDJE, a town of Beloochistan, prov. Mukran, of which it is the cap., on a rivulet, by which the surrounding district is well irrigated, 274 m. S. W. Khelat; lat. 26° 24' N., long. 62° 28′ E. Pop. unknown, but it is said to have once contained 3,000 houses. It stands clustered around the base of a precipice, on which is a fortress; and was formerly a place of considerable trade, which having declined, the town has fallen into decay. (Pottinger's Beloochistan, p. 304.)

KEHL, a town of Baden, circ. Middle Rhine, on the Rhine, immediately opposite Strasbourg, and 10 m. N.W. Offenburg. Pop. about 1,000, or, with its immediate environs, nearly double that number. It was formerly a fortress, and was esteemed an important bulwark of Germany. It was fortified by Vauban în 1688, ceded by France to Baden in 1697, taken by the French in 1703, 1733, 1793, and 1796; by the Austrians, also, in the latter year; and re-taken by the French in the succeeding. After the peace, its works were dismantled, Germersheim being fortified by the Germ. Confed, in its stead. The town is connected by a bridge of boats with the opposite bank of the Rhine, near Strasbourg. Its inhab. employ themselves chiefly in transit trade. (Berghaus; Schreiber: Dict. Géog.)

KEIGHLEY, or KIGHLEY, a market town and par. of England, in the W. riding of co. York, wap. Staincliff and Ewcross, on an affluent of the Aire, 16 m. W.N.W. Leeds, and 178 m. N.N.W. London; area of par. 10,160 acres. Pop., in 1831, 11,176, being an increase of 92 per cent on that of 1811. The town is beautifully situated in a valley close to the range called the Blackstone Edge: and though irregularly built, comprises many handsome stone houses: it is well paved, sufficiently supplied with water, and lighted with gas. A neat and commodious court-house, and a spacious market-place, were erected in 1833, and more recently a Mechanics' Institute has been built on ground given by the Earl of Burlington, who has large possessions in and near the town. The church was built in 1805, on the site of one erected in the reign of Henry I., and is a large and handsome structure, with a lofty steeple, containing a fine peal of bells: the living is a rectory in the gift of the Duke of Devonshire. There are also places of worship for Independents, Baptists, Wesleyan new connexion, and Primitive Methodists, Swedenborgians, and the Society of Friends; and to all of these, as well as to the church, large Sunday schools are attached, furnishing religious instruction to about 1,600 children of both sexes. A free grammar-school, founded and well endowed in 1713, a girls' national school, and an infant school, are the chief educational establishments; and a mechanics' institute, founded in 1825, and now in union with that at Leeds,