and well built, many being highly ornamented with rude and grotesque sculpture. The ducal palace, containing a library and museum, with a good collection of minerals and animals, 1 Rom. Cath. and 3 Protestant churches, 3 hospitals, a lunatic asylum, and the university-house, are the chief public buildings. It is a place of considerable eminence for literature, and the seat of a university, founded in the 17th century by the sovereign princes of the Ernestine branch of the house of Saxony, in whom the patronage and appointment of the professors is still vested. The constitution is similar to that of other German universities; it has faculties of divinity, law, medicine, and philosophy, with 28 ordinary professors, composing a senatus academicus, for examining students and conferring degrees: there are also 17 extraordinary professors, and a few privat-docenten, or private tutors. The salaries of the ordinary professors range between 80%. and 1807., those of the "extraordinary" varying from 302. to 90%., which are increased by fees from pupils, each of whom pays at the rate of about 5 rix dollars, or 15s. 6d., for the course. The remuneration of the tutors depends wholly on the number of their pupils. The annual expenditure of the university, including the expense of theological and other seminaries, the library (comprising 100,000 vols.), veterinary school, collections, botanical garden, prizes, officers, &c., amounts to about 38,000 dollars, or nearly 6,000/., a year. A fund, also, similar to that in Göttingen, with a capital of 4,6007., is employed in pensioning the widows of professors; and an academical refectory fund (Speise-anstalt), supported by endowments and yearly grants from the grand dukes of Saxe-Weimar, Coburg, and Meiningen, furnishes daily meals at several ordinaries for 132 indigent students. The number of students has averaged 500 during the last 10 or 12 years; an attendance far more limited (owing in a great measure to the murder of Kotzebue, perpetrated by a student in Jena) than in the middle of the last century, when 3,000 were in actual residence at the same time. (Journ. of Educat., vols. v. and ix.) Living in Jena is considered cheaper than at almost any other university of Germany; and a student may live respectably, and enjoy for half the money the same education he could command in Scotland: but, notwithstanding this inducement, very few visit it, either from other German states or foreign countries. The industry of the town, which is consider able, comprises the manufacture of coarse linen fabrics, hats, tobacco, &c.; and three annual fairs are very numerously attended.

Jena is famous in modern history, from its vicinity having been the scene of the great battle of the 14th of October, 1806, between the grand French army under Napoleon, and the Prussians, commanded by the king and the duke of Brunswick, the latter of whom was mortally wounded in the action. The French gained a complete and decisive victory. The Prussians lost above 20,000 men, killed and taken in the course of the day, with all their cannon, baggage, &c. In fact, their army may be said to have been totally destroyed; as most of the troops who escaped from the field were soon after compelled to surrender.

JERSEY, an island of the English Channel, belonging to Great Britain, and the principal of that group known as the Channel Islands, in St. Michael's Bay, 13 m. W. the coast of France, and 85 m. S. Portland Bill, its N.W. point being in lat. 49° 16' N., long. 2° 22′ W. Shape somewhat oblong; greatest length, E. to W., 12 m.; average breadth, 5 m.; area, 39,000 acres. Pop., in 1831, 36,582. The entire N. side of the island, and portions of the N.E. and S.W. sides, are defended by bold precipitous rocks, rising to upwards of 250 ft. above the sea, and all around it are almost innumerable rocky islets, separated from the cliffs by the operation of the tides, which set with great force and rapidity round the Channel Islands. The surface has a general inclination from N. to S., on which side the coast approaches the level of the sea. There is little table land; but elevated hill ranges run southward, bounding deep and narrow vales, watered by small rivers. Jersey, geologically considered, is, like the other islands in the same group, composed of secondary rocks, resting on granitic formations. True granite is not observed, but sienite, which is largely quarried, and exported as granite, is very prevalent, passing in some parts into porphyry and greenstone: it is covered in the S. and more level tracts by schistus and clay-slate, intermingled here and there with a clay conglomerate. Iron and manganese, the only metals that occur, are not wrought. The climate, though damp, owing to frequent rains and intense sea fogs, is remarkably mild. "The island," says Dr. Hooper, "enjoys an early spring and a lengthened autumn, vegetation being usually active and forward in March, and the landscape far from naked at the end of December. Spring is marked by unsteadiness of temperature and harsh variable weather, with a prevalence of E. winds; and this disadvantage is felt particularly in May, which often fails to bring with it the expected enjoyments. March is mild, and VOL. II.

Diseases of Jersey.) The soil in the higher parts is gritty, being composed of detritus from the rocks and sea-sand, mixed with vegetable mould; but in the valleys there is a great depth of alluvial matter, washed down by violent rains from the higher lands; and these tracts, where not swampy, are extremely fertile. The S.W. corner of the island is a mere assemblage of sandy and barren hillocks. Agriculture is backward, owing partly to the minute division of property, occasioned by the law of gavelkind, and partly to the insufficiency of rural labourers. The value of land ranges between 1204. and 1607. per acre, and rents vary from 42. 10s. to 67. 158., according to the distance from St. Helier's. Farms average about 4 acres, few exceeding 10: the occupiers are, consequently, for the most part poor; and even if they were possessed of adequate capital, the limited size of the farms is an invincible obstacle to the introduction of an improved system of farming. Some tendency towards improvement has, however, recently manifested itself. The ponderous Jersey plough, known as the grande querue, though not wholly discarded, is likely soon to be supplanted by the Norfolk plough.

The rotation of crops, as applicable to the soil and climate, is pretty well understood, and absolute fallows are rarely, if ever, seen. Wheat crops, cut early in Aug., produce, according to the official returns, nearly 5 qrs. per acre, and the gross yearly produce is said to amount to 13,000 qrs. of wheat and 3,200 qrs. of barley. But the culture of neither wheat, barley, nor oats, is found to be profitable, and they are therefore chiefly imported. Potatoes are raised in large quantities, the returns sometimes exceeding 60,000 lbs. per acre; but the sea-weed used as manure gives them an unpleasant flavour. Parsnips and mangel-würzel are largely cultivated. Lucerne is highly in favour with the farmers, as it will grow on soils unfit for other purposes: four crops in a year are not unusual, and the land is afterwards fed off. A large portion of the cultivable land (one quarter, according to Quayles) is occupied by apple trees, and the exports of apples and cider have been steadily increasing for some years, the export of the latter amounting to 2,000 hhds. a year, according to the latest returns. The annual yield of apples averages 20 hhds. per acre. The pear-main is a good eating apple; but the pride of the island is the chaumentelle pear, often a pound in weight, and sold occasionally at the rate of 52. per hundred. The colmar pear is also well esteemed, and peach-apricots, melons, and strawberries are abundant, and noted for size and flavour. Timber trees grow in the hedge-rows, and unite with the fruit trees in giving to the scenery softness and richness rarely equalled. "In fact," says Mr. Inglis, "Jersey appears like an extensive pleasureground, one immense park, thickly studded with trees, beautifully undulating, and dotted with cottages." (i. p.35.) The manure universally used in dressing the land is seaweed or vraic, the gathering of which is restricted by the island legislature to two seasons, the middle of March and the end of July, times of great interest to the natives. On grass lands the vraic is used in its natural state; but for other purposes it is burnt. Cattle breeding is a favourite and highly profitable pursuit here, and in the other Channel Islands; and the treasure highest in a Jerseyman's estimation is his cow. (Quayles' Agric. Survey.)

The Jersey cow (usually called the Alderney cow in England) materially differs from that of Guernsey, which is larger, and resembles the short-horned Devonshire breed. It has a fine, curved, tapering horn, slender nose, fine skin, and deer-like form. Its purity is maintained by breeding in and in; and in order to preserve the breed intact, the legislature has prohibited the importation of other breeds under heavy penalties! Milch cows produce daily, at an average, 10.quarts of milk, and 1 lb. of butter (8 quarts of the former producing 1 lb. of the latter), the yearly produce of a cow being estimated at 102. The price of a good cow varies from 107. to 157. The butter is chiefly sent for sale to St. Helier's market, or exported to England; the quantity sent thither in 1830 amounted to 25,000 lbs. Sheep are little reared. The Jersey horse is a cross of the Cossack, procured through the residence of some Russian cavalry on the island in 1800: it is a strong hard-working animal; but no attention is paid to the improvement of the breed. The oyster fishery employs many of the natives; but lately it has been on the decline, owing to the competition of the French fishermen of Granville. The fishery is most active from Feb. to May, and the exports of oysters in 1835 amounted to 150,000 bushels. In the same year 1,470 dozen lobsters were sent to London from Jersey. The conger-eel and herring fishery, formerly highly productive, has been almost superseded by the deep-sea cod fishery, which employs nearly 80 vessels of 8,000 tons, and gives employment during the suminer to 1,300 Jerseymen. The fish are chiefly sent to Brazil, 16,000 barrels, of 128 lbs, each, being sent thither in 1835.

The trade of Jersey has increased rapidly during the
G

JERSEY (NEW).

ship for Rom. Catholics. Two free grammar-schools were established in Jersey in the 15th century; but the endowments are small. Two public schools on the national system were established by subscription some years since, and are now in successful operation.

The remains of Roman fortifications and the discovery of coins belonging to the emperors, prove Jersey to have been a military station, and under the Franks it formed a part of the region called Neustria. The Normans invaded the Channel Islands in the 9th century; and when the duchy of Normandy was annexed to the crown of England at the Conquest, they came under the British dominion. The French have repeatedly tried to wrest from us these islands, which, by their proximity to the coast of France, seem to be their natural property; but they have uniformly failed. The last attempt was made in 1781 by a detachment of 700 soldiers, under the Baron de Rullecourt, who surprised and captured the garrison, but were finally compelled to escape to their vessels after a desperate encounter with the native militia under Major Pierson, in the streets of St. Helier's. (Cæsarea; Inglis's Channel Islands, vol. i. passim; Quayle's Agricultural Survey of Jersey; Geol. Transl. vol. 1.)

JERSEY (NEW), one of the U. S. of America, in the N.E. part of the Union, between lat. 38° 54' and 41° 20 N., and long. 74° and 75° 20′ W.; having N. and N.E. New York; W. Pennsylvania; S.W. and S. Delaware Bay; and E. the Atlantic. Length, N. to S., 170 m.; average breadth about 40 m. area, 6,900 sq. m. Pop. (1830), 320,823, of whom 2,254 were slaves. A great part of the E. shore is skirted by a chain of low islands, similar to those on the coasts of the more southerly maritime states, but with more numerous, larger, and deeper inlets between them. Great Egg Harbour, Little Egg Harbour, Barnegat, Tomsbay, Shark Inlet, and the united bays of Neversink and Shrewsbury, afford shelter to vessels of considerable burden. The S. half of the state is low, level, sandy, and in many parts barren; but N. of an imaginary line drawn between the mouth of the Shrewsbury river and Bordentown, about lat. 40° 10°, the surface is overspread with several hill-ranges, abounding with rich scenery; and the coast is skirted by the Neversink hills, the only heights of any consequence in the Union near the ocean. A mountain region rising abruptly from the hilly country, occupies the N. part of the state, which at its N. extremity comprises a portion of the Alleghany chain. The Hudson forms the N.E. boundary for about 35 m. The river next in importance is the Delaware, which divides this state from Pennsylvania. The other chief rivers are, the Raritan, which rises in the hilly country, within 5 m. of the Delaware, and falls into Amboy Bay, after a course of 70 m., 16 of which are navigable; and the Passaic and Hackinsach, which fall into the small bay of Newark.

The difference of the climate of the N. and S. parts of the state is very striking. The plain country of the S. is warmer than might have been expected from its lat., the temperature approximating to that of E. Virginia, and admitting of the culture of cotton; while the winter in the N. assimilates in severity to that of the N. states. In the upper part of the state, and along the banks of the rivers, there is some good land; but the surface is in general either sandy or marshy, and it is chiefly by the unremitting industry of its inhabs., who till lately have been principally engaged in agri. culture, that New Jersey has been rendered so productive as it is. Wheat, rye, barley, oats, maize, buckwheat, potatoes, &c. are cultivated; and in the higher parts of the state large herds of black cattle and sheep are reared. In 1836, the stock of sheep was 250,000, producing 812,500 lbs. of wool, worth 410,000 dollars. Large quantities of butter and cheese of superior quality are made. The only wild quadrupeds now met with are the racoon and fox; the fisheries

are productive, and employ many of the inhabit ants. Iron in the mountains, and bog iron ore in the marshes, form the most important mineral products; but there is abundance of marble, limestone, peat, clay, sand of fine quality, copper, zinc, &c. The principal articles brought to market are cattle, fruit, iron, flax seed, butter, cheese, cider, hams, &c. New York and Philadelphia are the chief outlets for the surplus produce, New Jersey being very advantageously situated between those cities. The exports elsewhere are triffing. Manufactures are already extensive, and increasing; the principal are those of iron. It is estimated, in a work published in 1840, that 1,200 tons of bar-iron, 1,200 tons of pig-iron, and 80 tons of nails, besides large quantities of hollow ware, sheet-iron, and nail-rods, are annually made.

Paterson is one of the principal manufacturing towns in the U. States, and is well supplied with water-power by the Passaic. Its principal products are cotton, linen, and woollen goods; paper, buttons, &c. Manufactories of glass, leather, shoes, carriages, gunpowder, &c. are established in different places.

In 1836, there were 51 cotton-mills in the state, producing annually about 5,133,700 yards of cotton cloth. The internal communications are generally good; the Morris Canal, 101 m. in length, by 30 to 32 ft. wide, and 4 ft. deep, extends across the state, from Jersey city, on the Hudson, to Delaware river. The Delaware and Raritan Canal, 42 m. long., from Bordentown to New Brunswick, is 7 ft. deep, and 75 ft. wide at its surface, and therefore adapted to vessels of considerable burden. It is connected with the Chesapeake, Delaware, and Dismal Swamp canals, and effects a continuous water communication between New York city and Albemarle Sound. Another canal, 4 m. long, connects Salem Creek with the Delaware river; and several others have been projected. Three railroads were completed in 1837, the principal of which, from Camden to Amboy, a distance of 61 m., in the N. part of the state, was finished in 1832. The second, 164 m. in length, from Paterson to Jersey city, was finished in 1834; and the third, from New Brunswick, through Newark, to the Hudson river, in 1836.

This state is divided into 14 counties: Trenton, on the Delaware, is the capital and seat of government. It probably owes this rank to its central position only, since it has not above half the pop. or wealth of New Brunswick or Newark. Elizabeth, Burlington, Somerville, and Paterson, are the remaining chief towns.

The constitution framed in 1776 has continued, with little variation, to the present day. The government is vested in a legislative council of 14 mems., and a general assembly of 50 mems., all of whom are annually elected by the free white male citizens, who have resided in the state for the preceding year, and who pay taxes. The governor is also chosen annually by the joint vote of the council and assembly. The governor and council form a court of appeal and pardon. The salary of the former is 2,000 dollars, with fees. The rest of the judicial authority is vested in a supreme court, a court of chancery held at Trenton, circuit courts, and courts of oyer and terminer, held in most of the cos. four times a year; and inferior courts of common pleas, which, with courts of quarter sessions of the peace, are held in the different cos. by judges chosen by the legislature, and receiving no salary. The state penitentiary at Lamberton had, in 1838, 163 prisoners. In 1837, the state had 33 banks, with a united capital of 10,875,000 dollars. The school fund, established in 1816, had in 1838 a capital of 280,437 dollars. The college of New Jersey, established at Elizabeth Town, in 1746, has been removed to Princeton, where it occupies a spacious edifice. It has a museum and philosophical apparatus, 2 libraries, with 11,000 vols., and, in 1838, had 240 students: in 1839, 39 periodical publications were issued in the state. A great part of the pop. are Quakers.

The earliest settlement of New Jersey was made by the Dutch, in 1612. Many Swedes and Danes afterwards settled in it, but the Dutch continued to possess it until finally expelled by the English, in 1664. In 1682, it came under the jurisdiction of Penn and his associates. It took an active part in the revolutionary war, and suffered proportionally. N New Jersey sends 6 mems. to congress. (Darby's View, &c.; Mitchell's U. S.; American Encyclopedia American Alm. 1834 to 1840.)

JERUSALEM (Heb. Kadushah; Gr. Καδύτις by Herodotus, and Ἱεροσόλυμα by Strabo and later writers; mod. Arab. El-Koddes), a famous city of Palestine, interesting from its high antiquity, but far more from its intimate connection with the history of the Jews, and the eventful life of the great Founder of Christianity; 128 m. S. S. W. Damascus, 33 m. E. Jaffa, and 76 m.

S. by E. Acre;

lat. 31° 46′ 34′′ N., long. 35° 31′ 34" E. Pop., according to the official report of Mr. Consul Moore, 10,000, of whom about two thirds are Mohammedans. The pop. has been estimated by some travellers at 20,000; but it has not had so many inhab. for some years, except at Easter, when the Moslem and Christian pilgrims swell the pop. to nearly a half more than its ordinary amount. The city stands on a hill, between two small valleys, in one of which, on the W., the brook Gihon runs with a S.E. course, to join the brook Kedron, in the narrow valley of Jehoshaphat, E. of Jerusalem. The first view of the city from the W. is thus described by Robinson: - "As we approach Jerusalem, the road becomes more and more rugged, and all appearance of vegetation ceases: the rocks are scantily covered with soil, the

venders of relics and rosaries. The building resembles Rom. Catholic churches in general, but is greatly inferior, notwithstanding its valuable marbles, to many of the sacred edifices in Rome. Immediately in front of the entrance, which is guarded by Moslem soldiers (who receive a tax from all the pilgrims), is a slightly elevated marble slab, called the "stone of unction," on which, according to the monks, our Lord's body was laid, to be anointed by Joseph of Arimathea; and near it are 17 steps, conducting to the supposed Mount Calvary, now a handsome dome-covered apartment several ft. above the floor of the church, floored and lined with the richest Italian marbles: in the crypt beneath is a circular silver plate with an aperture in the centre, through which the arm reaches the identical hole in which the cross was fixed! The great object of interest, however, is the Holy Sepulchre itself, an oblong structure 15 ft. long by 10 ft. in breadth, roofed in with a handsome ceiling corresponding to the richness of the silver, gold, and marble decorating its interior: it stands directly under the great dome of the church, and is divided into two chambers, the first containing the stone on which the angel sat when he addressed the affrighted women, "Why seek ye the living among the dead? he is not here, but is risen," and the other being the sepulchre to which he pointed, saying, "Behold the place where they laid him." The inner compartment, lined with verd antique, is only large enough to allow four persons to stand by the side of a plain white marble sarcophagus of the ordinary dimensions, over which hang 7 large and 44 smaller lamps, always kept burning. Around the large circular hall, which is surrounded by a gallery supported on pillars, and roofed by a vast dome, are oratories for the Syrians, Copts, Maronites, and other sects who have not, like the Greeks, Armenians, and Roman Catholics, chapels in the body of the church. The Greek chapel at the E. end of the hall is parted off by a curtain, and is incomparably the most elegant and highly decorated: the Latin chapel closely resembles those seen in Italy, and has a gallery with a fine organ: that belonging to the Armenians is in the gallery. Various parts of the church are pointed out by monks and pilgrims, as the scenes of certain events connected with the last sufferings of Christ; and to such an extent is superstition carried, that a stone is exhibited and gravely declared to be that on which our Saviour was placed, when put in the stocks! The faith, indeed, of intelligent men is most severely tested during a visit to this church: there cannot, however, be a doubt that it stands on the hill of Calvary, and it probably includes the site of the crucifixion; but there seems to be little ground for the assumption, that the tomb and site of the cross were so near to each other as to be inclosed by the same building. In an antichamber near the entry are several relics, the most authentic probably of which are the sword and spurs of Godfrey of Bouillon. The tombs of Godfrey and his brother Baldwin were destroyed during a fire which took place in 1808, and have not been restored, owing to the ill-will felt by the Greek Christians towards the Romish church, to which these monarchs belonged. Westward of the church just described in the Harát-elNassara, or Christians' Street, is the Franciscan convent of St. Salvador, called by way of distinction Il Convento della Terra Santa, a large stone building, having several courts and

funds are supplied by contributions sent from Rome and other Catholic countries, and the inmates comprise from 60 to 80 monks, chiefly Italian and Spanish, by whom European strangers visiting the Holy City are hospitably entertained. The church attached to the convent is gaudily furnished with candlesticks, images, &c., and has a good organ. E. of the above stands the Greek monastery, a well supported establishment with a small subterranean church. The city castle, close to the gate of Jaffa, is supposed to have been built on the ruins of the Turris Psephina of old Jerusalem: it comprises a few towers connected by curtains, and has a few old guns mounted on broken carriages. Close by it, on the ascent to the hill of Zion, is the Armenian convent, in the best-looking district of the city, comprising within its precincts rooms sufficient to accommodate a thousand pilgrims, and a large garden: the conventual church is spacious, and most elaborately ornamented; the floor is paved in the most delicate mosaic. E. of the convent is a small Armenian chapel, marking the site of the house of Annas, the high-priest; and just outside the gate of Zion is another chapel, supposed to occupy the site of the house of Caiaphas: these positions seem to be far from improbable. (Compare Joseph. Antiq. lib. xviii. c. 3. with St. John xviii. 24.) Not a vestige remains of the ancient buildings on Mount Zion, where David built a palace, his own residence, and that of his successors, whence it was emphatically called the "City of David." Its limits are, however, well defined by the aqueduct which conveyed water from Jerusalem to Bethlehem. The hill-side is now used as a Christian burialground. N. of the city, in the district called Acra, are the ruins of Herod's palace, and about 300 yards to the S. E., near the reputed pool of Bethesda, is the residence of the mutzellim, or Turkish governor, supposed, though with little show of reason, to occupy the site of the prætorium of Pontius Pilate. It is a large straggling building, having a flat roof, which commands a complete view of the mosque of Omar: it stands in the principal street of the modern city, called by the Turks Harât-el-Allam, and by the Christians Via Dolorosa, the monks having fixed on it as the line of route along which our Saviour was led from the hall of judgment to Calvary. The Jewish quarter (Haratel-Yahoud) occupies the hollow between the hills of Zion and Moriah: it contains 7 mean and small synagogues; and the numerous private dwellings, how comfortable soever inside, have uniformly mean and ill-built exteriors, owing, it is said, to the fear of exciting among the Mohammedans any suspicion of the wealth of the despised nation. The poorer Jews are supported by charitable contributions obtained from their fellow-countrymen in Europe, especially in Germany and Spain. (Turner, ii. 264.) The Turks reside on the E. side of the city all round the great inclosure of Mount Moriah. The suburbs of Jerusalem abound with interesting remains of less questionable antiquity and authenticity than most of those within the modern walls. Close to the gate of Jaffa is the pool of Gihon, near which, in a village of the same name, "Zadok the priest, and Nathan the prophet, anointed Solomon king over Israel" (1 Kings, i. 34.), and, at a later period, Hezekiah "stopped the upper watercourse of Gihon, and brought it straight down to the W. side of the city of David." (2 Chron. xxxii. 30.) S. of Mount Zion is the valley of Hinnom, in which are nuinerous tombs hollowed out of the