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2. The Mongolian Variety.-These have the skin olive yellow, hair thin and lank, almost no beard, oval and flattened face, thick lips, nose small and wide, and forehead low. They are inferior in stature to the Europeans, and still more so in mental energy and intellectual power. Their native seat appears to have been the mountains of Altai: they occupy the central parts of Asia; extending eastward to the Pacific, comprising Japan, and the populous empire of China; they stretch south to the Ganges, and in one point have made their way southward almost to the Indian Ocean, the lower castes in the Hindoo Chinese States exhibiting the Mongolian characteristics. They include also a great part of the Siberians, and stretching along the Polar Seas, have degenerated into a dwarfish and filthy race called Esquimaux, who are supposed to be a mixture between this class and the American aborigines. The Esquimaux seldom exceed four feet in height, and the tallest of them do not exceed five.

3. The American Indian.-These have the skin dark, and of a red or copper colour; hair black, thick, and straight, with little beard, nose prominent, and forehead low. In stature, they nearly equal ourselves, but are not so muscular or strongly made. In intellectual powers, they appear to be even below the Asiatics. The Mexicans and Peruvians, when discovered by Europeans, had arrived at a point of civilization where they were remaining stationary, yet almost ignorant of the simplest arts and manufactures necessary for the comfort of civilized life. North America was thinly tenanted by warlike tribes of hunters, among whom civilization had made no progress. The American Indians are more famous for cunning than courage; they are not, however, devoid of fortitude. The fatigues and privations to which they are accustomed from infancy, render them patient in adver'sity; and they both inflict and endure pain with an indifference which can scarcely be credited. The Esquimaux in the north strongly resemble the Laplanders of Europe.

4. The Negro, or Ethiopian Variety. These have the skin black, hair black, woolly, and curled, lips thick, foréhead low, narrow, and slanting, and teeth as white as ivory. Their skin is particularly soft; and their whole frame has a relaxed appearance, the result of their debilitating

climate. This race occupies the whole of the vast region of Africa, except on the north and east of the Great Desert. They are of mean capacity, and indolent in their habits; their cities are an assemblage of huts; their governments are petty despotisms; and their religion is superstition. Since the discovery of America and the West Indies, numbers of this unhappy race have been yearly carried off to work as slaves in the plantations. The curse pronounced upon Canaan, the son of Ham, that he should be "a servant of servants," is thus, in his posterity, even at the present day receiving its fulfilment.

5. The Malay Variety.-This race, inhabiting the numerous groups of islands which spangle the bosom of that vast ocean which washes the shores of Asia, of America, and of Africa, is found to exhibit a great diversity of characteristics; and though here ranked as a separate class, they might, without propriety, be referred to different origins. The general colour is brown or black, and the frame robust; but these vary from the vigorous New Zealander, and the slender and fair-complexioned Otaheitan, to the dwarfish New Guinea-Man, with a skin of a sooty black. The inhabitants of New Zealand, Otaheite, Friendly Islands, and Sandwich Islands, have, since their first intercourse with Europeans, made considerable progress in the arts of civilization. The rest are mostly in a savage state; Malacca, Sumatra, Borneo, and the Manillas, exhibiting the Malay race in its purest form; whilst the inhabitants of Madagascar assimilating to those of the neighbouring continent, seem, however, to surpass them in energy and industry.

II.-Monkeys.

No animals appear to have excited so much interest or speculation as those of the monkey tribe. Their similarity in outward form to the human race, indeed, is such, that theoretical philosophers have been found so bold and infatuated, as to maintain, that men and monkeys belong to the same species. We need not, therefore, be surprised, that the untutored Indian has regarded them as supernat

ural beings; and that the negroes, in their simplicity, have imagined them to be a foreign nation come to inhabit their country, but that they do not speak for fear of being compelled to work.

In India, edifices have been erected in which thousands are kept in fancied ease and indulgence. The Brahmins have even raised them to the rank of gods, and a temple erected for their worship, is described to have been of such magnificence, that its portico alone was supported by seven hundred columns. The ancient Egyptians likewise appear to have held them in the greatest reverence, as we find them represented among other sacred figures in their sculptures, and the bodies of monkeys are even found among their "imperishable” mummies.

The monkey tribe is very numerous. They have been classified in different ways, but the more prominent distinctions are, Apes, Baboons, Monkeys, Sapajous, Segoins, and Lemurs. The varieties in the larger tribes of the monkey kind are but few, but in the smaller class they are too tedious for enumeration, and beyond our limits to advert to. They are to be found near the Cape of Good Hope, in Egypt, Barbary, and the more southern parts of Spain, particularly the precipices about Gibraltar; but there is scarcely a country in the tropical climates that does not swarm with them—and scarcely a forest that is not inhabited by a race of Monkeys, distinct from all others. They are, with few exceptions, gregarious, and may be said to live entirely on vegetables, though they occasionally devour insects, wild honey, eggs, and sometimes the young of birds, when these fall in their way.

Of the Apes, which have no tail, the Orang-Outang, or wild man of the wood, bears the nearest resemblance to man. That termed the Black Orang, or the Chimpanzee, is a native of the Guinea Coast, and Angola, in Africa, where they are said to herd together in vast troops. They are covered with shining black hair, and are from five to six feet high. The Red, or Asiatic Orang, sometimes also called Jocko and Pongo, inhabits the forests of Borneo and Eastern Asia, and is covered with red shining hair. It is from five to seven feet in height, and is said to be very strong and powerful.

In an account of one of the black Orangs brought from

the Gulf of Guinea by Captain Payne, it is recorded, "that when it first came on board, it shook hands with some of the sailors, but refused its hand with marks of anger to others, without any apparent cause. It soon, however, became familiar with the crew, except one boy, to whom it never was reconciled. When the seamen's mess was brought on deck, it was a constant attendantwould go round and embrace each person, while it uttered loud yells, and then seat itself among them to share the repast. When angry, it sometimes made a barking noise like a dog; at other times it would cry like a pettish child, and scratch itself with great vehemence. It generally walked on all fours, and did not seem fond of the upright position, though it could run nimbly on two feet for a short distance. It had great strength in the four fingers of its superior extremity; for it would often swing by them on a rope upwards of an hour without intermission. It ate readily of every sort of vegetable food; at first it did not relish flesh nor wine, but afterwards it seemed to like the latter, and indeed, once stole a bottle of wine, which it uncorked with its teeth and began to drink. It learned to feed itself with a spoon, to drink out of a glass, and showed a general disposition to imitate the actions of men. It seemed to take a pride in clothing, and often put a cocked hat on its head."

Dr Abel, who brought a young red Orang into this country in 1819, has given an account of it which we abridge:

"He soon became familiar with the sailors, and surpassed them in agility. They often chased him about the rigging, and at first starting he would endeavour to outstrip his pursuers by mere speed, but when much pressed, he would elude them by seizing a rope, and swinging out of their reach. At other times he would patiently wait on the shrouds, or at the mast-head till his pursuers almost touched him, and then suddenly lower himself to the deck by any rope that was near him, or bound along the main stay from one mast to the other, swinging by his hands, and moving them one over the other. When in a playful humour he would often swing within armslength of his pursuer, and having slapped him with his hand, throw himself from him. He commonly slept at

the mast-head, after wrapping himself in a sail, or if the sails were all set, he would hunt about for some other covering, and either steal one of the sailor's jackets, or shirts that happened to be drying, or empty a hammock of its contents. I seldom came on deck without sweatmeats or fruit in my pocket, and could never escape his vigilant eye. Sometimes I endeavoured to evade him by ascending to the mast-head, but was always overtaken, or intercepted in my progress. When he came up with me on the shrouds, he would secure himself by one foot to the rattling, and confine my legs with the other and one of his hands, whilst he rifled my pockets. If he found it impossible to overtake me, he would climb to a considerable height on the loose rigging, and then drop suddenly upon me. Or if, perceiving his intention, I attempted to descend, he would slide down on a rope and meet me at the bottom of the shrouds."

The Baboons, with short tails, the most disgusting of the whole tribe of monkeys, are from three to four feet high. Their snout, for it can hardly be called a face, is long and thick, and on each side of their cheeks they have a pouch into which they occasionally put their provisions. They are the most unlike man in form, and approach nearer the dog in face. They are very mischievous, and instances are related of their cunning and ingenuity in robbing orchards or vineyards. On these occasions, they set out in large companies, and while some enter the enclosure, one is placed as a sentinel to give notice of danger. The rest stand without the fence and form a line from the place to their rendezvous. The plunderers within the orchard then throw the fruit to those that are without, who pitch it from one to another all along the line, till it is safely deposited at the headquarters. In performing this they catch the fruit as readily as the most skilful tennis player can a ball. The business is conducted with great expedition, and the most profound silence, the sentinel all the time being most anxious and attentive. Should he perceive any one approaching, he instantly sets up a loud cry, when the whole scamper off, not, however, without first filling their mouth and hands with their booty.

The Common, or Long-tailed Monkeys, are the most

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