"be the principle according to which the system of Gall and "Spurzheim may be made to agree with the supposition of "there being twelve separate orders of minds."

Proceeding on these principles, the author treats of the characters of the following nations :-The Irish, Celtic, Egyptian, English, Greek, German, Roman, Arcadian, Etruscan, Spanish, French, and Spartan.

We select the following as a fair specimen of the kind of philosophy with which this work is replete :-In treating "Of the Relation of the Arcadian Character to Industry,” the author says, "The will, when operating impressionally "as to the forces of external objects, produces a wish to modify " and alter them, and to impress upon them the character of its own forces. This is the source of industry, and of the taste "for manufacture, which changes the qualities of the raw ma❝terial, by transferring into it the powers and intentions of the "workman. The kinds of industry in which men are fitted to "excel are according to their tempers, or the kinds of impulse "which they wish to give.

"If we inquire in what department of industry the Arcadian "may be most fitted to excel, we shall probably be induced to "fix on those kinds of exertion which require the operator to "watch_and_wait upon circumstances which are beyond his "control, and to discontinue or resume his work according as "the time will suit with it. The Arcadian is naturally inclined "to idling, and is rather fitted to assist and accelerate the ope"rations of other powers than to accomplish any change entirely "of his own accord. The Scottish Lowlanders excel in gar"dening, and in performing what is conducive to the rearing "of the different kinds of plants, according to their respective "seasons and the changes of the weather. The gardener is an "assistant servant to the powers and times of nature, and must "discontinue or resume his exertions according to the changes “of hot and cold, rainy and dry. The same observations may, "in some degree, apply to all agriculture; but its operations "are not in general so desultory or so dependent upon circum

❝stances.

"The Arcadian may also be fitted for acting as an innkeeper, "whose task is to accommodate his exertions to the times and "wishes of those who come to his house.

"As the industry of the Arcadian, however, is little, we can "say little of him in this department.

"The true Arcadian character was probably that which ap❝peared in the celebrated Richard Nash, commonly called Beau "Nash, who long occupied an important place in the city of Bath, famous for its mineral waters, and for its fine company.

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"Nash was a sort of adventurer, who, in the infancy of Bath, "carried away the palm from some other competitors, by set"ting up more elegant public ball-rooms, and keeping a band "of music to officiate in them. Having, in his character, that "mixture of fop, lacquey, and gamester, which so often distin"guishes the true Arcadian, he gradually rose in public esti"mation, and was acknowledged as ruling master of ceremonies "in the polite assemblies; from whence, in burlesque, he ob"tained the name of King of Bath. He was also frequently "chosen umpire in such disputes for precedence as occur at "dancing assemblies, and sometimes had skill to prevent duels "by the satisfactoriness of his decisions, and send away the par"ties whole in honour, and congratulating themselves on the gentleman-like notions with which Nash was so amply stored. "His biographers praise him also for possessing a charitable disposition, and being always ready to join in affording relief "to the distressed. His own means of subsistence, however, were derived chiefly from gaming; and whatever he won was "speedily dissipated by his extravagance, and by that kind of "ostentation which was agreeable to his office and his characHe used to travel in a six-horsed chariot, preceded by "outriders, and accompanied by footmen and French horns. "This prosperity and importance unfortunately did not con"tinue till the close of his life; nor did his career in Bath ter"minate till long after his lustre and power of illusion had " ceased.

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"ter.

"Of all other characters, the Arcadian seems to be the one "which is most ambitious of discharging the functions of a fine "gentleman. Being endowed with a talent for clothing him"self with whatever external forms are found to be most ad"vantageous or readily current among mankind, he naturally "becomes a sort of watcher of, and waiter upon, the fashions of "the world, and is enabled to flatter public opinion by, in a "manner, wearing livery to society in general. To enable him "to discharge this function with success, it is required that he "lead a somewhat idle and unoccupied life, and be always on "the look-out.

"Whether the Arcadian be successful in this line or not, his "nature often draws him strongly into analogous kinds of exer"tion, such as that of the gamester, whose task is to watch and "wait for convenient times, occasions, and appearances. There " is reason to believe that the Arcadian may also often be found "in that idle and depredatory class who are called men of the "town in London, or roués in Paris. Every great city, by affording many external appearances which can easily be as"sumed, and many occasions which can easily be taken advantage of, when individuals are unknown, draws to itself depre"dators, and by the circulation which human vanity is willing

r

"to give to empty sounds and plausibilities, encourages their "devices.

"Sometimes, however, the Arcadian, neglecting to cultivate "the good-will of society in general, takes a narrower path, and "devotes himself to watch and observe the ways of individuals, " and to find convenient occasions for raising him in their esteem, " in hopes of ultimate profit. Such is the task of legacy-hunt66 ers. The true Arcadian character was also, undoubtedly, "that which appeared in Cardinal Wolsey, who built his greatness on assiduity in observing the temper of Henry VIII. of "England."

In our last Number we noticed the case of an individual in whom all intellectual ideas were invariably associated with colours: we have a strong impression that, in the author of the present work, the organs of Form and Size preponderate to excess, and invest his general conceptions with the attributes of magnitude and form. He manifests a tendency to view the phenomena of the whole world, physical, moral, and intellectual, with all their relations, through the medium of, or in connexion with, the two faculties now mentioned; and this circumstance, added to his drawing much on his imagination, has given an artificial character to the work that will prevent its becoming popular. At the same time, there is so much learning, taste, acuteness, ingenuity, with curious and sometimes happy illustration, scattered throughout, that to some minds it will be interesting, and to them it will repay the trouble of a perusal.

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ARTICLE XII.

Phrenological Illustrations, by George Cruickshank; six Plates. Price 8s. plain; 12s. coloured. Robins and Company, London.

THIS work is an attempt to ridicule Phrenology, by caricature illustrations of its different faculties. The artist has failed in this aim; but in some of his plates he has succeeded in giving real illustrations of the science, the merits of which only a Phrenologist can appreciate. In every instance in which he has not accomplished this object, he has fallen into unfortunate insipidity. Two pages of letter-press are prefixed, containing the usual staple of mistake and misrepresentation. We shall briefly advert to the plates

AMATIVENESS.-(Physical Love.) An apothecary kneeling before his mistress, who is retiring in embarrassment. A mortar overset is intended as wit on the word physical! The attitude of the head of the lover, however, contains a natural expression, of the import of which, we suspect, the artist himself is not aware.

PHILOPROGENITIVENESS.-This is a very clever scene. It represents a multitude of children, and one old man actually enveloped in a cloud of them; they are hanging about him in clusters, so that only his head, arm, and one leg are visi ble; but into these an admirable expression is infused. His head is drawn with large organs of Philoprogenitiveness and Adhesiveness, and his countenance beams with the very spirit of these feelings. Behind him stands another male figure, scratching his head and yawning, and altogether ennuyé at the very sight of such a collection of imps. In a cradle are seen twins, with an elder sister doting over them. This female head and countenance also are very finely expressive of the propensity. There are several very spirited by-scenes,

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and altogether we give the artist great credit for this sketch. He has understood the subject and felt it; of course there is a caricature in all the figures; but we have no objection to this; they are true to nature, and the exaggeration only brings out the expression more strongly, and renders it more piquante.

SELF-LOVE. This figure is a dandy admiring himself in a looking-glass. It is only indifferently successful. The attitude and expression represent a combination of Love of Approbation and Self-esteem, the former predominating; whereas Mr Cruickshank meant to pourtray the latter faculty chiefly. He has failed through ignorance of what is meant in Phrenology by Self-esteem, and of the natural expression of that faculty.

NUMBER. This is shadowed forth by the figure of the learned pig having a card in its mouth, with 18 inscribed on it.

INDIVIDUALITY.-The living skeleton represents this fa culty. We confess our inability to see the least wit, ingenuity, or sense in these two figures.

INHABITIVENESS consists of a snail journeying with its shell on its back. This is good.

CONSTRUCTIVENESS.-A spider in its web: also happy. ADHESIVENESS.-A horse and gig are sinking in a bog, and the husband and wife, who were late its occupiers, are plodding their weary way out of it, but sadly impeded by sticking in the mud. This is miserably poor. If the artist had comprehended the feeling, he could have been at no loss to find an infinitely more effectual illustration than this.

COMBATIVENESS is admirable. It is a spirited representation of a row at Donnybrook fair. This also is true to nature, and its effectiveness must be felt strikingly when contrasted with the insipidity of Adhesiveness. Donnybrook was referred to by Mr Scott, in the Phrenological Transac tions, as an illustration of this propensity.