phenomenon. Carmichael, many years ago, well taught that there are seven distinct stages of waking and sleeping. 1. When the entire brain and nervous system are buried in sleep, then there is total exemption from dreaming. 2. When some of the mental organs are awake, and all the senses are asleep, then dreams occur and seem to be realities. 3. When the above condition exists, and the centres of voluntary motion are also awake, then may occur the rare phenomenon of somnambulism. 4. When one of the senses is awake with some of the mental organs, then, during our dream, we may be conscious of its illusory nature. 5. When some of the mental organs are asleep, and two or more senses awake, then we can attend to external impressions, and notice the gradual departure of our slumbers. 6. When we are totally awake and in full possession of our faculties and powers. 7. When, under these circumstances, we are so occupied with mental operations as not to attend to the impressiens of external objects, then our reverie deludes us like a dream. These are faithful observations, and define with exactitude the fluctuations of force in the brain under different conditions. In experimental research, and in disease, we have the same phenomena brought before us, and they all accord as to cause. INTOXICATION. There are various modes of producing insensibility artificially. The insensibility of intoxication from alcohol is an illustration at hand. The insensibility thus produced is the same as that from cold; the agent taken, that is to say, interferes with the distribution of force through the brain substance, and is carried away at the expenditure of so much force as shall be required for its elimination. At the late meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science at Dundee, I showed that the period of action of alcohols of different kinds could be determined by the force required to lift them out of the organism. Moreover, various of these intoxicating substances, which all act in the same manner as cold, pressure, or exhaustion, affect differently sections of the brain matter, producing various phenomena analogous to dreams. Lastly, some other external influences, by causing concentration of force on one particular part of the brain, may so reduce other parts to rest as to cause that inertia which Carmichael calls reverie. This is a disturbance of the equilibrium of force in the brain which can be intensified by practice; and there is no difficulty in tracing the phenomena of mesmerism, such as they are, to their physical source when the nature of reverie, or waking dream, is explained and understood. BALANCE OF POWER IN THE BRAIN. One more fact relating to the physics of the brain, as taught by experiment, and I have done. We have seen that when the anterior cerebral ganglia are destroyed for a time, an animal moves impulsively forward, and that, when the cerebellum is destroyed, the animal moves impulsively backward. This indicates the existence of a balance of power between these centres—a balance which is also detectable between other centres. It is therefore a fair inference, that every centre of power in the brain is, during healthy states, physically balanced, and that what is called a wellbalanced mind is really a properly balanced brain. By this reading we explain many phenomena of living action otherwise inexplicable. By constant overaction one centre of the brain may gain undue power, which shall be so persistent as to distinguish the man throughout life. Or a centre of power may be suddenly prostrated, and the balancing centre, no longer controlled, may overcome all for the moment, and produce phenomena not before observed in the same organism. Impulses-sudden, vehement, propulsive, onward, under the influence of any impression which for a moment paralyzes the cerebrum, are thus explained. Whenever the cerebrum alone is overcome with sudden shock, it fails in power the same as when its structure is deprived of force by the direct action of cold or by pressure: then the propulsive cerebellum unaffected shows its force unchecked, and there is forward rush. In some stages of disease of the cerebrum and specially of disease induced by alcohol, there is this break of balance. I lately pulled out from under a railway train the headless trunk of a man. Passing into a tunnel out of which the train had emerged, I found the brain of this man entire, and while the servants of the company were fetching the police, I read in the brain his physical history, and interpreted it to the Inspector by my side. I discovered that while the cerebellum was quite sound the anterior lobes of the cerebrum were intensely congested with blood, and had undergone previous disease. I found the anterior cerebral ganglia specially involved, and from the whole of this dumb but forcible evidence, I learned that the man was insane, that he had been insane before this time, that his insanity had taken the impulsive character, and that in a fit of extreme and uncontrollable impulse, he had committed suicide by throwing himself under the train. When the facts of this man's life were brought out before the coroner, Dr. Lankester, they gave the same evidence to the letter, nor less nor more. In the heat of battle it is not the cerebrum but the cerebellum which propels the man on; in the chase in the race it is the same. The vehement tendency to rush forward, which nearly all persons feel when they look over a deep precipice, is of the same nature. The cerebral ganglia, overcome by the impression made upon them, are, for the moment, deprived of power, and the cerebellum, acting with sudden and uncontrolled force, gives the initiative propulsive start toward what is sometimes a deadly fall. But I must cease. If in the physics of the brain I have shown that some things, deeply interesting in their social as well as their physiological meanings, are known, what have I not unintentionally shadowed forth of that which has yet to be discovered, by the bold, the diligent, the truthful disciples of nature? Who shall show how the imagery of the brain is physically cast; who shall disclose that imagery as a world to be visibly seen? Yet in the days to come even these things, simple as known as wonderful when unknown, shall be revealed. The Saturday Review. FOOLISH VIRGINS. THE beroines of the London seasonthe fillies, we mean, who have been entered for the great matrimonial stakes, and have been mentioned in the betting have by this time exchanged the fast pleasures of the town for the vapid pastimes of the country. We do not of course concern ourselves with those poor simple girls who only repeat the lives and morals of old-fashioned English homes, and who are too respectable and too modest to be pointed at as the girls of the season. We speak of the fast sisterhood only. After three months of egregious dissipation they enter duly upon the next stage of their regular yearly alternations. Three months of headlong folly are succeeded by three months of deadly ennui. Action and reaction are always equal. The pains and weariness of moral crapulousness arise in nice proportion to the passion of the debauch. It is a dismal hour when we look on the withered leaves of last night's garland. The lovely and unlovely beings who are now living depressed days far from Belgravia and the Row have, it is true, but joyless orgies to look back upon. Their pleasures gave but a pinchbeck joviality after all, were but a thin lacker spread over mercenary cares and heart-aching jealousies-not the jealousies of passion, but the nipping vulgar vexation with which a shopkeeper trembles lest a customer should go to his rival over the way. Still there was excitement-the excitement of outdoing a rival in shamelessness of apparel, in reckless abandonment of manner, in the unblushing tolerance of impudent speech, in all the other elements of ignoble casino-emulation. Above all, there was the tickling. excitement of knowing that all this was in some sort clandestine; that ostensibly, and on the surface, things looked as if they were all exhibiting human nature at its stateliest, most dignified, and most refined pitch. The consciousness that the thin surface only conceals some of the worst elements of character in full force and activity must give a pleasantly stinging sensation to an acutely cynical woman. However, this is all over for a time. For a time the half-dressed young Mænads of the season will be found clothed and in their right minds. And what sort of a right mind is it? We know the kind of preparation which they have had for the business of the season-for flirting, husband-hunting, waltzing, dressing so as to escape the regulations of the police, and the rest. For this their training has been perfect. But wise men agree that education should comprehend training for all the parts of life equally-for pleasure not less than for business, for hours of relaxation as well as for hours of strain and pressure, for leisure just as much as for active occupation. Education is supposed to arm us at every point. Nobody in this world was ever perfectly educated. Everybody has at least one side on which he is weak-one quarter where temptations are either not irresistible, or else are not recognized as alluring to what is wrong. But we all know that training, though never perfect, can make the difference between a decently right and happy life and a bad, corrupt half-life or no life. What does training do for the nimble-footed young beauties of the London ballroom? It makes them nimble-footed, we admit. And what else? The root-idea of the training of girls of the uppermost class in this country is perhaps the most absolutely shameless that ever existed anywhere out of Circassia or Georgia. It puts clean out of sight the notion that women are rational beings as well as animals, or that they are destined to be the companions of men who are, or ought to be, also something more than animals. It takes the mind into account only as an occasionally useful accident of body. The mind ought to be developed a little, and in such a way as to make the body more piquant and attractive. Like the candle inside a Chinese lantern, it may serve to light up and show to advantage the pretty devices outside. But the outside is the important thing, and the inside only incidentally. Insipidity of mind is perhaps a trifle objectionable because there are a few young men of property who dislike insipidity, and who therefore might be lost from the toils in consequence. It is a crotchet and an eccentricity in a man to desire a wife with a bright mind, but since there are such persons, it is just as well to pay a slight attention to the mind in odd moments when one is not engaged upon the more urgent business of the body. You don't. know what may happen, and it is possible that the most eligible parti of a season may dislike the idea of taking a female idiot to wife. Still it would be absurd to change the entire system of up-bringing for our girls merely because here and there a man has a distaste for a fool. The majority of men are incapable of gauging power of intellect and fineness of character. But the veriest blockhead and simpleton who ever lounged in a doorway or lisped in Pall Mall can tell a fine woman when he sees her, and is probably able to find pleasure and hope in the spectacle. It is these blockheads and simpletons who thus set the mode. They fix the standard of fashionable female education. Education, or the astounding modern conception of it, means preparation of girls for the marriage market. If a girl does not get well married, it were better for her and for her mother also if she had never been born, or had been cast with a millstone round her neck into the sea. Whom she marries-whether a man old enough to be her father, whether a pattern of imbecility, whether a man of a notoriously debauched character-this matters not a jot. Only let him have money. This being the conception of marriage, and marriage being the aim of all sagacious up-bringing, as most men unhappily are more surely taken on their animal than on their rational side, it is perfectly natural that you should strive to bring up a worthy family of attractive young animals. And let us pause upon this. If the idea which, even at its best, would be so deplorably imperfect, were rationally carried out, still it would not be so absolutely pestilent and debasing as it is. Physical education, rightly practised, is a fine and indispensable process in right living. If the system had for its end the rearing of really robust and healthy creatures, it would mean something. On the contrary, however, any. body who makes a tour through fashionable rooms in the season may see that, in a vast quantity of cases, the heroines of the night are just as sorrily off in bodily stamina as they are for intellectual ideas and interests. Here we again encounter the fundamental blunder, that it is only the outside about which we need concern ourselves. Let a woman be well dressed (or judiciously undressed), have bright eyes, a whitish skin, rounded outlines, and that suffices. All this a wise English mother will cer tainly secure, just as a wise Chinese woman will take care to have tiny feet, plucked eyebrows, and black fingernails. If you go into a nursery you will see the process already at work. The little girl, who would fain exercise her young limbs by manifold rude sprawlings hither and thither, and single combats with her brethren, is tricked out in ribbons and gay frocks, and bid sit still in solemn decorum. With every year of her growth this principle of attention to outside trickeries and fineries is more rigidly pursued. Less and less every year are the nerves and muscles, the restless activities of arms and legs, exercised and made to purvey new vigor to the life. The blood is allowed to grow stagnant. The life of the woman, even as mere animal, becomes poor and morbid and artificial. By dint of much attention and many devices, the outside of the body is maintained comely in the eyes of people whose notions of comeliness are thoroughly artificial and sophisticated. But how can there be any health with high eating, little exercise, above all with the mind left absolutely vacant of all interests? The Belgravian mother does not even understand the miserable trade she has chosen. She is as poor a physical trainer as she is poor morally and intellectually. The truth is that in a human being, even from the physical point of view, it is rather a dangerous thing to ignore the intellect and the emotions. Nature resents being ignored. If you do not cultivate her, she will assuredly avenge herself. If you do not get wheat out of your piece of ground, she will abundantly give you tares. And there can be no other rule expressly invented for the benefit of fashionable young women. Their moral nature, if nobody ever taught them to keep an eager eye upon it, is soon overgrown, either with flaunting poison-plants, or at best with dull grey moss. The parent dreams that the daughter's mind is all swept and garnished. Lo, there are seven or any other number of devils that have enter ed in and taken possession, more or less permanent. The human creature who has never been taught to take an interest in what is right and wholesome will, in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred, take an interest in what is wrong and unwholesome. You cannot keep minds in a state of vacuum. A girl, like anybody else, will obey the bent of the character which has been given either by the education of design or the more usual education of mere accidental experience. Everything depends, in the ordinary course of things, upon the general view of the aims and objects of life which you succeed, deliberately or by hazard, in creating. A girl is not taught that marriage has grave moral and rational purposes, itself being no more than a means. On the contrary, it is always figured in her eyes as an end, and as an end scarcely at all connected with a moral and rational companionship. It is, she fancies, the gate to some sort of paradise whose mysterious joys are not to be analyzed. She forgets that there are no such swift-coming spontaneous paradises in this world, where the future can never be anything more than the child of the present, indelibly stamped with every feature and line of its parent. This castle-building, however, is harmless. If it does not strengthen, still it does not absolutely impoverish or corrupt, characters. Of some castle-building one cannot say so much. Character is assuredly corrupted by avaricious dreams of marriage as a road to material opulence and luxury. There is, indeed, no end to the depraved broodings which may come to an empty and undirected mind. If the emotions and the intellect are not tended, they will run to an evil and evil-propagating seed. Rooted and incurable frivolity is the best that can come of it; corruption is the worst. People madly suppose that going to church, or giving an occasional blanket to a sick old woman, will suffice to implant a worthy conception of the aims of life. At this moment, some mothers are perhaps believing that the dull virtue of the country will in a few days redress the balance which had been too much discomposed by the rush and whirl of the town. As if one strong set D of silly interests and emotions could be effaced at will by simple change of scene, without substitution of new interests and emotions. Excess of frivolous excitement is not repaired or undone by excess of mere blankness and nothingness. The dreariness of the virtue of the villeggiatura is as noxious as the whirl of the mercenary and little virtuous period of the season. Teach young women from their childhood upward that marriage is their single career, and it is inevitable that they should look upon every hour which is not spent in promoting this sublime end and aim as so much subtracted from life. Penetrated with unwholesome excitement in one part of their existence, they are penetrated with killing ennui in the next. If mothers would only add to their account of marriage as the end of a woman's existence-which may be right or it may not a definition of marriage as an association with a reasonable and reflective being, they would speedily effect a revolution in the present miserable system. To the business of finding a husband a young lady would then add the not less important business of making herself a rational person, instead of a more or less tastefully decorated doll with a passion for a great deal of money. She might awaken to the fact, which would at first startle her very much no doubt, that there is a great portion of a universe outside her own circle and her own mind. This simple discovery would of itself effect a revolution that might transform her from being an insipid idiot into a tolerably rational being. As it is, the universe to her is only a collection of rich bachelors in search of wives, and of odious rivals who are contending with her for one or more of these too wary prizes. All high social aims, fine broad humanizing ways of surveying life, are unknown to her, or else appear in her eyes as the worship of Mumbo Jumbo appears in the eyes of the philosopher. She thinks of nothing except her private affairs. She is indifferent to politics, to literature-in a word, to anything that requires thought. She reads novels of a kind, because novels are all about love, and love had once something to do with marriage, her own peculiar and absorbing business. Beyond this her mind does not stir. Any more positively gross state one cannot imagine. There are women who are by accident more degraded physically. Mutatis mutandis, there are none more degraded, morally and intellectually, than those whose minds are constantly bent upon marriage at all cost, and with anybody, however decrepit, however silly, and however evil, who can make a settlement. POETRY. THE BONNIE WEE BLUE BIRD. THE following touching lines (says the Liverpool Mercury), written by Consul Cameron, one of the captives held by the King of Abyssinia, will commend themselves to our readers, and particularly to Mr. Cameron's fellow-Scotchmen. The bird alluded to is the little cardinal, smaller than our wren. The last amusement of the Abyssinian captives was to make a fountain (a very pretty one) for these birds. The fountain has, on advice, been broken, lest the ingenuity displayed should excite too much admiration, and be pressed into state service. But a stone basin has been set instead for the favorites, and they are duly fed. BALLAD WRITTEN IN PRISON, NOVEMBER 12TH, 1866. Hey! bonnie blue birdie, noo, whither awa', Wi' a' yer gay plumage sae kempit an' a'? Ah! bonnie wee bird-but this heart it might break Did I tell a' the thochts that such speerins awake; But bathe in my fount still, and fill your beak free: A' my guerdon's to watch thee, and feel ye lo'e me. Kind stranger, ye're heart-sick; come fly to yon tree, And list to a sang frae my ain luve an' me! ane. |