offered The Duke's Study' to. Who answered first? Tormented by D'Israeli; harassed by public business; up came the following letter:

"Whitehall, June 16.

"Sir, I am sorry to hear of your continued embarrassments. From a limited fund which I have at my disposal, I send, as a contribution to relieve you from these embarrassments, the sum of 501.

"I remain, Sir, your obedient serv't, "ROBERT PEEL. "Be so good as to sign and return the accompanying receipt.' "That's Peel. Will answer?

or

"June 18.-This morning, fearing I should be involved, I returned to a young bookseller some books for which I had not paid him. No reply from or ! And this Peel s the man who has no heart!

"June 21.-Slept horribly, prayed in sorrow, and got up in agitation.

June 22.-God forgive me. Amen.

"Finis. "B. R. HAYDON. "Stretch me no longer on this rough world.' "The end of the 26th volume." [Lear.

His daughter went into his studio, soon after this last entry was made, and there lay the body of her father, stretched upon the floor just in front of his great picture, the lifeless corpse of the aged man, his white hair saturated with blood, his head resting upon his right arm, near which lay two razors, one in a case and the other smeared with blood, half-open by his side. A small pistol, newly discharged, was also near him. He was dressed with great neatness in his ordinary attire, and had placed the portrait of his wife on a small easel just in front of his large picture. On an adjoining table lay his diary, in which he had just made the entry last quoted. Packets of letters, addressed to various persons, were about the room, and his prayer-book was fixed open on a portion of the service. The Times speaks of this as one of those "events which impel even sober-minded men towards the conviction that this condition of society should no longer exist, whatever be the cost of the change."

Captain Sturt has returned to England from his protracted and laborious exploration in Australia. He reached latitude 25° 45' and longitude 139° 13'. His expedition, however, has proved quite as fruitless as those of his predecessors.

The Council of King's College have put forth proposals for the endowment of a Chinese Professorship in that institution, the first of the kind in England, and, unless we are mistaken, in Europe. Dr. Pfitzmayer, of Vienna, is named as qualified to

be the professor. In summing up the reasons for such a professorship, the Council state that a knowledge of that ancient language will empower men of science to "cultivate that only remaining great field of inquiry on the globe which enterprising travelers have not already in a great measure exhausted."

The issue of the recent scientific expedition of Dr. Lepsius has been indicated to the Paris Academy of Sciences in a letter from Humboldt, from which it appears that the journey has yielded rich historical and archæological results. Thirteen hundred magnificent drawings, thousands of sketches, and all the manuscripts have arrived in Berlin, and two vessels, laden with the monuments collected, were on the way. They include immense numbers of most valuable relics. Dr. Lepsius brings also full materials for the study of a great number of African languages.

A great number of letters and other autographs of Queen Christina, have been discovered at Florence: the Swedish Queen constituted the Cardinal Azzelini her legatee, which accounts for the place of this discovery. Dr. Pinner of Berlin, it is said, has discovered in Odessa a manuscript, on parchment, of the Prophet Habbakukmore than a thousand years old-which has importance in regard to the Hebrew vowel points.

The necrology of the month contains few names very widely known, though among them are those of persons of some degree of distinction. M. de Ochoa, whom M. Villemain recently sent upon a scientific and literary mission to Central Asia, and whose knowledge of Oriental literature was very profound, died at Paris soon after his return, and before his report was ready for the press. D. Marheinecke, the celebrated theological professor at Berlin, died recently at the age of 68. M. Eyries, a distinguished geographer, died at Paris, aged 80; and at Munich the Canon Balthazar Sheath, one of the most learned archæologists of Germany, has died at the age of 72. At Dusseldorff, Benzenberg, the eminent professor of astronomy and natural philosophy, who first made observations, at Gottingen in 1798, on the distance and the orbit of the falling stars, is dead, aged 67.

In a paper read before the London Geological Society recently, Dr. Lyell expressed the opinion, that the ornithoidichnites and the supposed mammalian foot-prints, found in the coal-field of Pennsylvania, are not real impressions, but artificial sculptures made by the Indians.

PARIS, July, 1846.

Ir security and stability were wanting to the Cabinet of St. James, these advantages have been enjoyed in a preeminent degree by the ministerial council-board of the Tuilleries. As the Conqueror of Waterloo has lent in England the weight of his name to the Cabinet, leaving the active leadership to Sir Robert Peel, so the Victor of Toulouse has given his countenance, and that only, to the Guizot ministry. The government of the middle classes represented by this cabinet has been ever since the Revolution of 1830 gradually consolidating itself, as might have been anticipated. The national convulsions which attended its origin were succeeded by several rapid changes. Public feeling did not all at once settle down into a state of repose; nor did public opinion at once comprehend the scope and destiny to which the events of the Barricades inevitably led. Time has, however, seemed to enlighten parties; and in proportion, as a constitutional and representative monarchy is more clearly apprehended and fully understood, government has become more stable, and cabinets less transitory. The present cabinet has maintained itself undisturbed for a longer period than any which has been formed under the present dynasty.

On all the most essential points of his policy, foreign and domestic, M. Guizot and his colleagues are supported by a large majority of the Chambers. This policy has been moderately conservative. The precipitation of change which always follows a revolution has been checked, but the progress of real improvement has not been arrested. A studied effort to bring the working of the Monarchical Institutions of France into conformity with the model afforded by England, has been the aim equally of the two great parliamentary leaders of the ministerial party and the opposition. In their opinions of the way to accomplish this they differ, but as to the object they agree. The personal share of the sovereign, in the direction of the state, at this moment forms their most prominent subject of disagreement. M. Guizot maintains, that the personal influence of the crown ought to be admitted, but should be exercised under ministerial responsibility. M. Thiers holds, that the crown should have an inert personality, exercising no influence, and offering no interference with the measures of those who are called its

responsible advisers. M. Guizot holds, that the ministers are to aid the crown, and to take the responsibility of its acts when they approve them, or to retire from the royal councils when they disapprove them. M. Thiers holds, that the ministers are to supersede the crown, which is to sanction their acts so long as the Chambers sanction them. M. Guizot holds, that the sovereign is a real, an entire and intelligent branch of the Legislature as well as being the chief of the Executive. M. Thiers holds, that the sovereign is little more than a stuffed figure, gilt and adorned, and placed in a chair, called the throne, in whose name the acts of the state are done.

Perhaps we may have here a little overcharged the picture, but its general outline is correct. The origin of these differences is to be traced partly to the genius of the French nation, partly to the traditions of the monarchy and the empire, but most, perhaps, to the personal character of Louis Philippe. In England the sovereign is never present at the deliberations of the Cabinet, nor are these deliberations made known to the crown until they have attained some decisive form to give effect to which the royal functions must be exercised. It is true that when a sfatesman is charged by the sovereign to form a cabinet the general policy which he will pursue is supposed to be made known, but this is needless since the circumstances which precede such a measure necessarily expose that knowledge to the whole nation. It has been, however, the practice of the present King of France to adhere to the custom of former monarchs, and to preside at the meetings of the Cabinet. Against this practice it has been objected by M. Thiers, that the presence of the sovereign must injuriously restrict the freedom of discussion; that the influence of so exalted a personage must check the expression of opinion where that opinion deviates from the declared personal sentiments of the sovereign; that questions must frequently arise, especially on matters of finance, dotation of the royal family, and other subjects in which the sovereign must be supposed to have an immediate interest, and that such questions cannot be fairly and independently discussed in his presence. It is, therefore, contended that the council of ministers ought to be free from the royal presence, as is properly the custom in England.

On the other hand, M. Guizot, sensible doubtless of the great advantage derivable from the sagacity of the present sovereign of France, and feeling that from none of his colleagues in the Cabinet does he derive the same wise and prudent aid as from Louis Philippe himself, maintains that the voice and influence of the sovereign ought to be heard at the Council Board, where it will be received for what it is worth, and where, if it counsel dangerous measures, the exclusive responsibility of the ministers, who alone can carry them into effect, is the best guaranty for the safety of the State.

This difference arising out of the personal nature of the government of Louis Philippe, supplied the most striking part of the debate with which the present session of the Chamber of Deputies closed. The speeches of the leaders of the opposition were avowedly made as manifestoes to the constituents, preparatory to the approaching general election, and not with a view to any practical effect on the measures before the Chamber. In England the expedient of addressing the country through the Chamber, before an election, is not necessary, because the mode in which elections are conducted in that country, not only allows the candidates to address their constituents in meetings convened expressly for the purpose, previous to the election, but also leaves an opportunity for speaking from the hustings on the occasion of the election itself. These meetings are not in accordance with the French law or custom, and would, it is_said, be dangerous to the public order. Parliament and pamphlet, especially the latter, which are numerously and widely circuiated and read, supply their place.

Notwithstanding the talent and tact of M. Thiers, and the coalition which has taken place among different sections of the opposition, the Guizot party still retains a large majority. What may be the result of the coming election, it is impossible to say, but those best acquainted with the country are of opinion that a majority will be returned in favor of the present government, sufficiently large to give it perfect stability. Much is said of the extent to which official corruption is carried, by the use or abuse of the vast patronage of the crown. But it may be answered, that in a purely representative governments,no administration could go on independently of the influence of patronage; that this is the fly-wheel which regulates the machine, helping it on when the moving power gets enfeebled, and moderating its energy when it becomes too active. At all events, it is certain that the present opposition would avail itself of the same engine of power to quite as great an extent if it succeeded to office.

Although the recent atrocious attempt

on the life of the king had no political meaning, and was totally unconnected with any political party, directly or indirectly, it has, nevertheless, tended to increase the king's popularity, and to strengthen the ministry. Great indignation has been expressed by the opposition, because the prosecuting officer instituted rigid inquiries, and persevered in them to the last, with the view of connecting the affair with some political party.

At present the commercial policy of France is, as it always has been, exclusive and prohibitive in its spirit. The measures now in progress in England are regarded with the most profound interest, and a division of opinion has already manifested itself on this subject. The existing administration, without committing itself irrevocably to any policy, has expressed itself with that moderation which indicates a disposition to wait events; to watch the effects of the measure in England, and allowing fairly for the different circumstances of the two countries, to adapt to France such modifications of the English system as may seem best suited to it. In short, it requires no very extraordinary powers of foresight to see that the liberty of commerce once established in England, it will be impossible to prevent it from spreading into France and elsewhere.

In general, France is slow in the adoption of great social changes. This arises in part from the character of the people, but chiefly from the prohibition of all public meetings. Still, though late, the improvements do make their way at last. At the commencement of the peace, there were no footways in Paris. They are now in every part of the town. Walter Scott, conversing one day in the Rue St. Honoré, with a Parisian acquiantance, observed on the inconvenience arising from the want of the accommodation of side-flagging for the pedestrian, when his Parisian friend replied, "Mais, mon dieu, monsieur, moi, j'aime mieux la totalité de la rue"" The Parisians have, however, at length, learned to prefer the safety and cleanliness of a good footway, or trottoir, as they call it, to the totalité de la rue. They have, moreover, constructed sewers so as to produce an excellent system of drainage; they have carried water-pipes in all directions; they have lighted the city with gas, and have, at last, brought themselves to adopt the railway system.

If the Parisians have been behind the English in the progress of the Industrial arts, and have been slow to adopt immediately the vast improvements in the Social system, such as the cheap postage system, which, next to the great measure of freedom of trade, will signalize the present epoch of English history, there are two stupendous moral reforms to which the

government of the Barricades and the dynasty of Louis Philippe may point with a just pride; reforms which, with all its cant on the subject of religious observances, Sabbath-keeping, and the rest, England has not dared to attempt. We refer to the suppression of gambling houses and the extinction of public prostitution. These social miracles, for they are truly nothing less, have been worked by the present French government.

It is known to all who have been acquainted with France, that gambling rooms have always been under the surveillance of the police and were subjected to a tax, from which a considerable revenue resulted. These establishments, in every variety of form, and on every scale of magnitude, abounded in every quarter of Paris. The Palais Royal was especially noted for them, and as the chief part of that edifice is the private property of King Louis Philippe, that personage had a direct advantage in their continuance. Nevertheless, the whole system has been abolished, and no house of play can now exist in Paris without the imminent risk of detection by the vigilance of the police, and consequent subjection to the penalties of the law. And in fact, this measure of moral reform is carried into practical effect. Such houses now either

do not exist at all, or exist so rarely and so stealthily as to have no considerable effect on public morals.

But a still greater wonder has been accomplished in the purification of Paris from the barefaced exhibition of female vice, which used everywhere to encounter the eyes, and which rendered it impossible for modest females to frequent the public walks at certain hours. All this has been reformed, and vice, wherever it may exist now, is at least compelled to do homage to virtue by preserving the outward appearances and adopting the external manners of decency and propriety. The theatres, the public amusements and the public promenades of Paris are now exempt from the intrusion of any persons who can offend the eye of the most modest, or pollute the ear of the purest; and this is the case at all hours, not only by day but by night. The streets at all hours are quiet and orderly, and the pedestrian encounters nothing indicative of the presence of any other qualities save virtue and propriety. When we remember the condition of the Broadway, from the Astor House to Chambers street, we cannot but admit that the moral evils arising from the want of a strict and efficient police are somewhat manifest.

THE MODEL OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK.-Among the many happy productions of the modern art of perspective drawing, we have always been particularly interested in the aeroscopic, or bird's-eye views of great cities. London, Paris and Rome especially, taken in this way, have been to us particular studies; and we may safely say that we have gained in one hour a better knowledge of the physical aspect of those "places powerful and eke renowned," than we have from reading any books. But no such pictorial view, how ever skillfully executed, can equal in faith fulness and reality of impression the exhibition of a city in carved blocks of wood, by which every street and building, with all the docks and water-craft shall be reproduced to the eye, with an exact attention to proportion. We do not know that we have ever been more struck with any curious work of art than with the "Model of New-York city," now on exhibition, constructed by an ingenious young man, Mr. E. P. Belden. The felicitous minuteness displayed in this creation-for it is a creation-is wonderful. The whole piece is constructed on several compartments, which, united, make a platform of nearly thirty feet square. The city is thus repre

sented entire, together with all Brooklyn, and the North and East rivers, with their forests of masts and water-craft. Every street is seen, no longer or wider than it should be in comparison with every other. Each building, large or small, whether the Astor House, the University, or a sentrybox, is carved out of a separate piece of wood, and put in its place, with the exact color and proportion that belong to it. Probably not a man in the city but could at once point out his own dwelling. Some of the larger structures, as Trinity and Grace churches, the City Hall, the University, the Custom-House, and Merchants' Exchange, are exquisitely shaped and finished, and would fetch high prices as models. The number of separate pieces composing some of them amount to several hundreds. Grace has over one thousand. So minute is the work, that the very awning-posts are given, and all the rigging on the well-known vessels and steamers in the bay and rivers. Nothing now in this city is better worth seeing; and if it is to be exhibited over the Union, it will give people in distant places a perfect idea of the American Metropolis. To see it to advantage, it must be studied minutely.

Payne's Illustrated London: a Series of Views of the British Metropolis and its Environs; with Historical and Descriptive Letter-press: Each Part containing ten highly finished steel Engravings. Price 25 cents. C. Muller, 118 Nassau Street, New York.

These Engravings are really beautiful. We have seen nothing that in so small compass gives so clear ideas of the chief buildings of the great British Metropolis. The written descriptions are also well executed. There are in the two Numbers before us, the Royal Exchange, St. Paul's from the River-a splendid apparition the Custom House, Christ's Hospital, the vast stretch of Somerset House along the Thames, that "Buckingham Palace,' whose costly walls were consecrated, at building, by the curses of the people and the blood of Charles, the massive masonry of Northumberland House, with many

others

He hed several peeps at the slave-markets of Constantinople and other Turkish places. The ugly slaves seemed to be very happy and contented, but he gives vent in several places to his sympathy for the Circassians, and his contempt for their masters, especially on one occasion, when, in the kitchen of the Harem, he tasted the beauties were compelled to lunch. a sort of vile mince-meat mess on which

ic sketches of scenes in Egypt, on the Nile, The second volume contains some graphand more especially in Granada. There are many serviceable observations, by the way, on matters and things of general interest, but no attempts at labored dissertations and discussions. We should say that the author was an excellent fellow, sition, but without any great pretensions with a refined taste, and a jovial dispoin any one department of knowledge; and at a watering place or rustic retreat. that his book would be a good companion

The Novitiate; or a year among the English Jesuits. Harper & Brothers.

THIS is an account of the writer's experience during one year spent at the College of Stonyhurst, in a preparatory course for entering the Society of the Jesuits as a priest. The book contains about three

These two handsome volumes are written in a lively and pleasing vein, in the form of what appear to have been the veritable impressions of the moment, written down in journal fashion. Notwithstanding an attempt to avoid saying too much on hackneyed scenes and subjects, we think the author might have compressed his work into half the space, and made it far more interesting to the reader, by omitting much that is said about the ship, the officers, and the passages from place to place, and by confining himself to sketches here and there, and only where he felt it to be an object to give nothing more than a glance. As it is, much of the work will be interesting only to those who traveled in company, or who are acquainted with the author and his friends. The best thing in the first volume is the account of Jerusalem, in which he sums up, in a small space, the actual state of things in the Holy City, without venturing into any elaborate conjectural details as to which are the true and which the false relics; a maze, in endeavoring to unwind which, most modern travelers contrive to sicken both themselves and their readers midst the mass of superstition, bigotry and importance which they encounter at every

turn.

much shorter had the writer confined himself to a simple statement of what he was required to do under the "Exercises of Ignatius," without giving at length his meditations and reflections which are rather dull reading, and show that Mr. Andrew Steinnietz would not have distinguished himself as a preacher had he remained in the society. He appears to have been sincere, however, and his statements bear every appearance of truth. He had formed an exalted idea of the Jesuits' "intellectuality and austerity;" he was to live among men "whose very name had become a pass-word to literature-men who considered intellectual eminence worthy of emulation, and had the means, by sequestration from the world and ample wealth, of encouraging every talent and predilection to their greatest development." this he was disappointed. He saw but few indications of talent, or even of extensive information among the fathers who were introduced to him. To one of them he put the question, "How it happened that amongst so many clever men of the society, no triumphant answer was put forth to meet the Provincial Letters of Pascal ?" "There was," said he; but Father Daniel's reply was heavy-it lacked the wit of Pascal." He gives the fathers and his fellow-novices full credit for sincerity, but found it impossible to accommodate his

In