"90. The sittings of the courts shall be public, except when publicity would be injurious to morals or good order; in such cases, the courts shall publish such decision.

"91. Every sentence shall be accompanied by the reasons thereof, and read in open court.

"92. Trial by jury is retained.

"93. Political offences shall be tried by jury as well as those of the press, when not personal libels.

"94. No judge shall be allowed to accept any other salaried office except that of professor in the university.

" GENERAL REGULATIONS.

"97. A special law shall determine the retirement of senators and judges for life on account of age and infirmity.

"98. No foreign troops shall be taken into the Greek service, nor remain, nor pass through the kingdom without an express law.

"

"99. No one serving in the army or navy shall be deprived of his rank, grade or pay, except as the law directs.

"100. No oath shall be administered, without a law regulating its form. “101. The existing provincial administrative courts are abolished. Cases pending before these courts shall after the publication of the present Constitution be brought before and decided on by the common courts of law, and shall take precedence in the cause list. Special laws to be enacted during the first parliamentary sitting shall remove all the remaining cases pending before the provincial administrative courts unto the common courts of law, and settle the mode of proceeding.

PARTICULAR REGULATIONS.

"104. The legislative bodies shall meet within three months from the legal publication of the present Constitution.

"105. The following subjects shall be taken into consideration as soon as possible, and special laws framed thereon :

(a.) The number of bishops in the kingdom, and the means necessary for the support of the clergy in a manner suitable to the dignity of their sacred character, and for those who belong to or perform the services of any monastic institution.

"(b.) The ecclesiastical property and public education.

"(c.) The disposal and distribution of national land; the examination and liquidation of all national debts, foreign or domestic.

"(d.) The Press.

"(e.) 1st. The amelioration of the system of taxation.

"2nd. The simplification of judicial acts, and of the public service in all its branches.

"(f.) The establishment of courts for adjudication on acts of piracy and baratry.

"(g.) The organization of the national guard.

"(h.) The codes of law for the army and navy.

"(i.) The encouragement of agriculture, trade and commerce.

“ (k.) The fixing of pensions for the army and navy, and civil functionaries.

"106. The present Constitution shall be in force as soon as it shall have received the royal signature. The Council of Ministers shall publish it in the Government Gazette within twenty-four hours after it has been signed. "107. The preservation of the present Constitution is entrusted to the patriotism of the Greeks.

The Assembly passed also many decrees and an election law, remarkable for the simplicity and completeness of its machinery. The Royal assent was given to the Charter of the Constitution on the 30th of March 1844, and the Assembly was dissolved by a short speech from the throne.

There may perhaps be some to whom the Hellenic Constitution may seem too democratic in its elements; but we would have such reflect, that what may be best for one people may be wholly unfit for another. Our full conviction is, that widely extended suffrage, vote by ballot and triennial parliaments, are as necessary, and will prove as little hurtful to Greece, as in the opinion of many they would be unsuited and mischievous to Great Britain; and we would further remind them, that the Constitution, as a whole, received the unqualified approval of Lord Aberdeen, certainly no rash innovator in politics or legislation. Indeed we cannot better describe the views taken of this great event in our own country than by inserting the two concluding letters of the very valuable and interesting correspondence relating to Greece in 1843-44, presented to the British parliament, in pursuance of their address, March 14, 1844 †.

Sir Edmund Lyons to the Earl of Aberdeen.

"MY LORD,

"Athens, March 30, 1844. "I have the honour to inform your Lordship, that King Otho has this day taken the oath prescribed by the Constitution, and dissolved the National Constituent Assembly.

"The ceremony took place in the hall in which the Assembly held its

"By this law every province (ixapxía) of 10,000 sonls has the right of sending one member; of 20,000 inhabitants, two members; of 30,000 Inhabitants, three; and of upwards of 30,000, four members."

+ It ought, in justice to the persevering and talented minister (to whom so much is due in the matter, were all known), to be borne in mind, that the more difficult and delicate transactions could not of course appear in such a document; and we have much pleasure in recording that the praises elicited from all sides of the House of Commons during the debates on Grecce, and repeated in the form of “the satis faction of Her Majesty's Government," were followed by the transmission of the blue ribbon of the Bath.

3

sittings. A short time before the King's arrival, His Majesty sent the Grand Cross of His Order of the Redeemer to the venerable President of the Assembly; and on entering the hall His Majesty informed Colonel Kalergi that he had appointed him major-general, as a reward for the services he had lately rendered to the throne and the country as commandant of the garrison and guardian of the National Assembly, and that he had named him one of his aides-de-camp in consequence of the confidence his conduct had inspired.

"

'The King then delivered the following speech from the throne :'Rejoicing in the accomplishment of the great work of the formation of the Constitution of Greece, I appear amongst you to scal it by taking the prescribed oath. [Here the oath was administered to His Majesty by the Holy Synod.]

66 'I pray that the Constitution, the holy and indissoluble bond between the king and the nation, may consolidate and advance the prosperity of Greece.

"The object for which I called together the National Assembly being now accomplished, I declare it to be dissolved.'

"His Majesty then retired amidst the enthusiastic cheers of nearly 2000 persons who were in the hall and in the galleries, and who on His Majesty's departure turned towards the Queen, who was in a separate part of the hall, and were equally enthusiastic in cheering Her Majesty.

The diplomatic body was invited to the ceremony, and all the missions were present excepting that of Russia.

"Thus, my Lord, the great political change which commenced on the 3rd (15th) of September has been consummated, almost without bloodshed (for the gend'arme who lost his life fell by accident) and entirely without interruption of commerce, or communication by sca or land; not a vessel or port has been stopped; the taxes have been collected and paid into the treasury, and the tribunals have pursued their ordinary course. This certainly affords reasonable grounds for hope for the future, and particularly so when it is taken into consideration, that the manifestation of national feeling against the system of the King's government which took place on the 3rd (15th) of September was immediately followed by a popular election, and that again by the meeting of a National Assembly, numerous beyond all precedent with reference to the population, and consequently withdrawing from the provinces a very large proportion of the superior authorities of the government. King Otho's best friends have not failed to point out to Ilis Majesty that such subjects cannot be difficult to govern, and that with the blessing of Providence he may easily reign over them honourably and happily as a constitutional monarch. I have, etc.,

(Signed)

"EDMUND LYONS."

The Earl of Aberdeen to Sir Edmund Lyons.

"Foreign Office, April 17, 1844.

“SIR, "Her Majesty's Government have learnt with the greatest satisfaction, by your despatch of the 30th ultimo, the termination of the labours of the

Constituent Assembly, and the final and solcmn acceptance and ratification of the Constitution by the King. They have viewed with no less satisfaction the admirable temper which appears to have generally prevailed in the Constituent Assembly throughout the whole of their deliberations on the deeply interesting and important act on which they have been engaged. Such self-command in a popular assembly convoked under very exciting circumstances, is highly creditable to the Greek nation. Nor is the result of their labours as a whole less entitled to credit for the general soundness of the constitutional principles therein established.

"In thus expressing myself with respect to the acts of the Greek nation, it is but just that I should state to you, that Her Majesty's Government have highly approved of your ow. conduct throughout the whole of the trying circumstances in which you have been placed, since the outbreak of popular feeling in September last; and I have great pleasure in here conveying to you the expression of their satisfaction.

Thus ends the narrative of the events which preceded, accompanied and consummated the second emancipation of the Grecks. It was not however for the mere purpose of presenting before our readers a sketch or picture of that most interesting and dramatic spectacle that this article was projected. We had a higher and inore important object in view: our intention was to draw a moral from the story. We would gladly have placed before the English public, or that portion of it to whom Greece and the Greeks are not indifferent, a true and faithful record of the actual condition of the peoplemoral, social, political and religious-its wants and capabilities-its hopes and difficulties, and we trusted to enlist not only the sympathies but the active zeal of our countrymen once more on behalf of a nation struggling to work out its redemption in this crisis of its destiny. We would have our countrymen perceive and acknowledge that there is between Hellas and England a bond not only of common feeling but of reciprocal interests; and that is not alone because their Homer is our Homer, and that we have appropriated and made familiar their language, their temples and their literature, that we feel towards them as brethren and fellow-countrymen; but also, and even still more, because the destiny and high calling of England is, to cherish freedom, to foster genius, to protect weakness, and to aid the development of national greatness and independence. Other and more prosaic reasons

might also be suggested why Greece, regarded as a barrierstate and an outpost of constitutional government, cannot and ought not to be indifferent to England; but all this, with a mass of statistical details, the results of which we were desirous of laying before the public, must be reserved, it may be, for some other occasion*.

ARTICLE X.

The French in Africa.-Algeria.

THE question concerning the position and prospects of Algeria is one not only of great present interest, but of impor tance in its future consequences. Nevertheless England, who has a larger part in this interest than any other power, appears to share the general indifference, not to say ignorance, upon the subject. It seems strange that a territory which lies the nearest to Europe, and with which so many associations are connected, should be that of which we know the least. Yet Algiers for a long period held the command of the seas; thence issued that swarm of rulers who threatened to inundate the whole of Europe, and during several ages subjugated and civilized a portion of it. Here were erected the primitive churches, where the eloquence of the first fathers of

Though precluded by our limits from entering further into the subject at present, we are tempted to give a few heads from the results of our statistical inquiries which we think will not be uninteresting.

Total population of the Greek faith (not being Russian subjects) by some estimates, 5,150,000; by others, 6,733,000. Greeks, subjects of King Otho, 810,000 to 900,000. Population of Athens in 1844-Athenians 20,000, soldiers and strangers 3,500. [This was when the National Assembly was not sitting.]

Numbers under education (1840) in Greece 23,969; numbers under education at Athens (1844) 2,820; being, boys 1,900, girls 680, infants 240; of which last 390 girls and 240 infants were educated in the schools of the American Episcopalian Mission. The English Church Missionary Society has also in its schools at Syra 560 children.

University of Athens (in 1844)-professors 33, students 90, hearers 110. Bishops in the kingdom of Hellas, 40; priests, 3,123 (of whom 2,620 married).

Merchant navy of Hellas-tons 111,201. A return of the year 1841—national lands cultivated about 2,510,000, uncultivated about 1,517,000, British acres. Greek Royal Navy (in 1844)-vessels 13, gun-boats 7; estimate, including education and arsenal departments, 1,140,658 drachmas (£40,737); men and officers in ships in commission 544. Greek Army-soldiers of all arms (in 1844) 6,581.