Of the Discouragement of Agriculture in the ancient CHAPTER III. Of the Rise and Progress of Cities and Towns, after the Fall of the Roman Empire CHAPTER IV. How the Commerce of the Towns contributed to the Improvement of the Country 10 30 48 Of Restraints upon the Importation from Foreign Goods as can be produced at Home CHAPTER III. . 70 Of the extraordinary Restraints upon the Importation of Goods of almost all Kinds, from those Countries with which the Balance is supposed to be disadvantageous 140 PART I. Of the Unreasonableness of those Restraints even upon the Principles of the Commercial System Digression concerning Banks of Deposit, particularly concerning that of AMSTERDAM ibid. 150 166 184 193 222 PART I. Of the Motives for establishing new Colonies 275 PART II. Causes of the Prosperity of new Colonies PART III. Of the Advantages which Europe has derived from the Discovery of America, and from sistence from the country. We must not, however, upon this account, imagine that the gain of the town is the loss of the country. The gains of both are mutual and reciprocal, and the division of labour [employments] is in this, as in all other cases, advantageous to all the different persons employed [engaged] in the various occupations into which it is subdivided. The inhabitants of the country purchase of the town a greater quantity of manufactured goods, with the produce of a much smaller quantity of their own labour, than they must have employed had they attempted to prepare them themselves. The town affords a market for the surplus produce of the country, or what is over and above the maintenance of the cultivators, and it is there that the inhabitants of the country exchange it for something else which is in demand among them. The greater the number and revenue of the inhabitants of the town, the more extensive is the market which it affords to those of the country; and the more extensive that market, it is always the more advantageous to a great number. The corn which grows within a mile of the town, sells there for the same price with that which comes from twenty miles' distance. But the price of the latter must generally, not only pay the expense of raising and bringing it to market, but afford too the ordinary profits of agriculture to the farmer. The proprietors and cultivators of the country, therefore, which lies in the neighbourhood of the town, over and above the ordinary profits of agriculture, gain, |