as lively stones are built up a spiritual house, triumphantly exclaims, this is giving free-will a stab under the fifth rib: for can stones hew themselves, and build themselves in a regular house?'†

"Even when we attribute to inanimate things the qualities of animals, the same analysis may be adopted as before. Thus the rage of the sea denotes a similarity of effect to the effect of rage in animals. This is even more the work of fancy than the example before given: for in reducing it to the form of a proportion one term is wholly supplied by the imagination. We do not really believe there is a principle in the sea producing these effects, answering to rage in animals, but the imagination suggests such a principle, and transfers the name of rage to it.

"In those cases where the analogy is traced between things perfectly heterogeneous there is little danger of confounding the idea with that of similitude. But when the subjects we are comparing are of a kindred nature, so that the things spoken of not only stand in the same relation, but also bear a close resemblance to each other, then it is we are most apt to confound them together, and to substitute resemblance for analogy. Thus because the heart or the tooth of an animal not only serves the same office to the animal that the heart or the tooth of a man does to him, but is also an object very nearly resembling it in structure and outward appearance, we are apt to imagine that the same name is given to it solely on this last account. But if we pursue the inquiry throughout the animal creation, we shall find that the form of the corre

* 1 Pet. ii. 5.

† Christian and Philosophical Necessity Asserted, p. 56. See 1 Cor. xiv. 4.

sponding parts is infinitely varied, although the analogy re mains the same: till at length we arrive at such diversities, that it is only persons conversant with comparative anatomy who can readily detect the analogy. And long before the difference has reached this length in popular discourse the analogical name is dropped, and the scientific use of it in such cases sounds pedantic to unlearned ears. Thus the beak of a bird answers to the tooth of man, and the shell of a lobster to the bones of other animals. If the use and office remain the same, no diversity of form impairs the analogy: but we ought from such examples to learn, even when similitude of form does exist, not to regard it as the true ground of the comparison we make, and of our affixing the same name.

"Thus too when we speak of qualities of things which are not cognizable by our senses except in their effects, we bestow the same name on account of a real or supposed analogy, not on account of any similarity in the qualities themselves, which may or may not exist according as the things we speak of are more or less of a kindred nature. Sagacity, courage, fidelity, love, jealousy, revenge, are all predicated of brute animals not less than of man, although they are not things or existences themselves, but certain attributes or affections in them, exhibiting symptoms and producing effects corresponding with the symptoms and effects attendant upon those qualities in ourselves. In these instances, still more than in the former, we are prone to confound analogy with resemblance

- because as these things have no form or existence of their own as the whole essence of them consists in their relation to something else if the relations be alike, the things are necessarily alike, and we naturally slide into that form of speaking which makes no distinction between analogy and resemblance but even then we regard the qualities as

identical, only in proportion as the nature of the respective subjects to which they belong may be regarded as the same.

"The SECOND error above noticed as carefully to be avoided in the use of analogy is, when we do not indeed treat the corresponding terms as resembling one another in their own nature, but when we presume that a similarity of relation subsists in other points besides those which are the foundation of the analogy.

"When the analogy consists in slight or superficial circumstances, still more when it is fanciful only, no attempt whatever should be made to reason from it; as was exemplified in the passage produced from Burke's writings: but even when the analogy is solid and well-founded we are liable to fall into error, if we suppose it to extend farther than it really does. Errors of this nature are often committed by men of lively fancies, or of ardent minds, and they are the more seducing, because they set out not only with a show of reason, but with reason and truth actually on their side.

"Thus because a just analogy has been discerned between the metropolis of a country and the heart in the animal body, it has been sometimes contended that its increased size is a disease that it may impede some of its most important functions or even be the means of its dissolution.

"Another frequent example of this second error is found in the use of the same titles of office or dignity in different nations or in distant times. Although the relation denoted by them be the same in one or in several important particulars, yet it scarcely ever holds throughout; and the most false notions are in consequence entertained by people of the nature of these corresponding offices in every country but their own. We have known what mischief has been produced by the adoption of the phrase, 'servant of the people,' although it

cannot be denied that in some points the duty of the magistrate is the same as the duty of a servant *- that his time, for instance, his thoughts, his abilities, should be devoted to the benefit of the people — and again, on the other hand, because the duty of a subject towards his sovereign coincides in many respects with the duty of a child towards his parent, some speculative writers have hastily concluded that the institution. of monarchy is equally founded in nature, and possesses the same inherent authority with the parental."-COPLESTON'S Four Discourses on the Doctrines of Necessity and Predestination, note to Disc. III. p. 122-130.

[F]. Part I. Chap. iii. § 3. p. 165.

"No man is so obstinate an admirer of the old times, as to deny that medicine, surgery, botany, chemistry, engineering, navigation, are better understood now than in any former age. We conceive that is the same with political science. Like

"The Servants' that we read of in the Bible, and in other translations of ancient books, are so called by Analogy to servants among us: and that Analogy consists in the offices which a servant' performs, in waiting on his master, and doing his bidding. It is in this respect that the one description of 'servant' corresponds ['answers'] to the other. And hence some persons have been led to apply all that is said in Scripture respecting Masters and Servants, to these times and this Country; forgetting that the Analogy is not complete, and extends no farther than the point above mentioned. For the ancient 'servants' (except when expressly spoken of as hired servants) were Slaves; a part of the Master's possessions."

For a remarkable instance of the kind of mistake the author is speaking of, see Appendix to Logic, Art. "GOD."

those other sciences which we have mentioned, it has always been working itself clearer and clearer, and depositing impurity after impurity. There was a time when the most powerful of human intellects were deluded by the gibberish of the astrologer and the alchemist; and just so there was a time when the most enlightened and virtuous statesmen thought it the first duty of a government to persecute heretics, to found monasteries, to make war on Saracens. But time advances, facts accumulate, doubts arise. Faint glimpses of truth begin to appear, and shine more and more unto the perfect day. The highest intellects, like the tops of mountains, are the first to catch and to reflect the dawn. They are bright while the level below is still in darkness. But soon the light, which at first illuminated only the loftiest eminences, descends on the plain, and penetrates to the deepest valley. First come hints, then fragments of systems, then defective systems, then complete and harmonious systems. The sound opinion, held for a time by one bold speculator, becomes the opinion of a small minority, of a strong minority, of a majority of mankind. Thus, the great progress goes on, till schoolboys laugh at the jargon which imposed on Bacon,- till country rectors condemn the illiberality and intolerance of Sir Thomas More."- Edinb. Review, July, 1835, p. 282.

"We have said that the history of England is the history of progress, and, when we take a comprehensive view of it, it is so. But, when examined in small separate portions, it may with more propriety be called a history of actions and reactions. We have often thought that the motion of the public mind in our country resembles that of the sea when the tide is rising. Each successive wave rushes forward, breaks, and rolls back; but the great flood is steadily coming