mour by Adam of the Flower-de-luce. The chronicler has represented Alice as the principal agent in procuring the murder of her husband; and the dramatist has, it appears to us with considerable skill, shown the woman from the first under the influence of a headlong passion, which cannot stop to conceal its purposes, which has no doubts, no suspicions, no fears. The earnestness with which she proceeds in her terrible design is thoroughly tragic; and her ardour is strikingly contrasted with the more cautious guilt of her chief accomplice. She avows her passion for Mosbie to the landlord of the Flower-de-luce; she openly prompts Arden's own servant Michael to murder his master, tempting him with a promise to promote his suit to Mosbie's sister. The first scene between Mosbie and Alice is a striking one : "Mosbie. Where is your husband? me not. Is this the fruit thy reconcilement buds? Have I for this given thee so many favours, Incurr'd my husband's hate, and out, alas! Made shipwreck of mine honour for thy sake? And dost thou say, henceforward know me not? Remember when I lock'd thee in my closet, What were thy words and mine? Did we not both Decree to murder Arden in the night? The heavens can witness, and the world can tell, Before I saw that falsehood look of thine, Alice. Nay, Mosbie, let me still enjoy thy love, And happen what will, I am resolute." It is impossible to doubt, whoever was the writer of this play, that we have before us the work of a man of no ordinary power. The transitions of passion in this scene are true to nature; and, instead of the extravagant ravings of the writers of this early period of our drama, the appropriateness of the language to the passion is most remarkable. There is poetry too, in the ordinary sense of the word, but the situation is not encumbered with the ornament. We would remark also, what is very striking throughout the play, that the versification possesses that freedom which we find in no other writer of the time but Shakspere. Ulrici holds a contrary opinion, but we cannot consent to surrender our judgment to a foreign ear. There is too in this scene the condensation of Shakspere, that wonderful quality by which he makes a single word convey a complex idea: "Is this the fruit thy reconcilement buds?" is an example of this quality. The whole scene is condensed. A writer of less genius, whoever he was, would have made it thrice as long. The guilty pair being reconciled, Mosbie says that he has found a painter who can so cunningly produce a picture that the person looking on it shall die. Alice is for more direct measures-for a poison to be Mosbie. Ungentle and unkind Alice, now I given in her husband's food. Here again the Chronicle' is followed : see "There was a painter dwelling in Feversham, who had skill of poisons, as was reported; she therefore demanded of him whether it were true that he had such skill in feat or not? And he denied not but that he had indeed. Yea, said she, but I would have such a one made as should have most vehement and speedy operation to despatch the eater thereof. That can I do, quoth he; and forthwith made her such a one. The painter enters, and his reward, it appears, is to be Susan Mosbie. The painter is a dangerous and wicked person, but he speaks of his art and of its inspiration with a high enthusiasm :— "For, as sharp-witted poets, whose sweet verse Make heavenly gods break off their nectardraughts, And lay their ears down to the lowly earth, Use humble promise to their sacred muse; So we, that are the poets' favourites, Must have a love. Ay, love is the painter's muse, That makes him frame a speaking countenance, A weeping eye that witnesseth heart's grief." The conference is interrupted by the entrance of Arden, of whom Mosbie readily asks about the abbey-lands. The following scene ensues, and it is an example of the judgment with which the dramatist has adopted the passage from the 'Chronicle' that Arden "both permitted and also invited Mosbie very often to lodge in his house," without at the same time compromising his own honour : "Arden. Mosbie, that question we'll decide anon. Alice, make ready my breakfast, I must hence. But rather than I'll put up this wrong Franklin. What will you do, sir? Mosbie. Revenge it on the proudest of you both. [Then ARDEN draws forth MOSBIE's sword. Arden. So, sirrah, you may not wear a sword, The statute made against artificers forbids it. I warrant that I do*. Now use your bodkin, Your Spanish needle, and your pressing-iron; For this shall go with me: And mark my words, You, goodman botcher, 't is to you I speak,The next time that I take thee near my house, Instead of legs, I'll make thee crawl on stumps. Mosbie. Ah, master Arden, you have injured me, I do appeal to God and to the world. Franklin. Why, canst thou deny thou wert a botcher once? Mosbie. Measure me what I am, not what I once was. Arden. Why, what art thou now but a velvet drudge, A cheating steward, and base-minded peasant? Mosbie. Arden, now hast thou belch'd and vomited The rancorous venom of thy mis-swoln heart, And that she knows; and all the world shall see: I lov'd her once, sweet Arden; pardon me : coals; And, Arden, though I frequent thine house, Arden. With these thy protestations Mosbie. Who lives that is not touch'd with slanderous tongues? Franklin. Then, Mosbie, to eschew the speech of men, Upon whose general bruit all honour hangs, Forbear his house. Arden. Forbear it! nay, rather frequent it more: I justify that which I do. The world shall see that I distrust her not. To warn him on the sudden from my house Were to confirm the rumour that is grown." The first direct attempt of Alice upon her husband's life is thus told by the chronicler : 66 Now, Master Arden purposing that day to ride to Canterbury, his wife brought him his breakfast, which was wont to be milk and butter. He, having received a spoonful or two of the milk, misliked the taste and colour thereof, and said to his wife, Mistress Alice, what milk have you given me here? Wherewithal she tilted it over with her hand, saying, I ween nothing can please you. Then he took horse and rode towards Canterbury, and by the way fell into extreme sickness, and so escaped for that time." In the tragedy the incident is exactly followed. Upon parting with her husband the dissembling of Alice is heart-sickening, but the scene is still managed naturally and consistently. There is no division of this play into acts and scenes, but it is probable that the first act ends with the departure of Arden for London. Another agent appears upon the scene, whose motives and position are thus described in the Chronicle :' "After this his wife fell in acquaintance with one Greene, of Feversham, servant to Sir Anthony Ager, from which Greene Master Arden had wrested a piece of ground on the back side of the Abbey of Feversham, and there had great blows and great threats passed betwixt them about that matter. Therefore she, knowing that Greene hated her husband, began to practise with him how to make him away; and concluded that, if he could get any that would kill him, he should have ten pounds for a reward." The manner in which the guilty wife practises with this revengeful man is skilfully wrought out in the tragedy. She sympathises with his supposed wrongs, she tells a tale of her own injuries, and then she proceeds to the open avowal of her purpose. Greene is to procure agents to murder her husband, and his reward, besides money, is to be the restoration of his lands. She communicates her proceedings to Mosbie, but he reproaches her for her imprudence in tampering with so many agents. The course of the Chronicle' continues to be followed with much exactness. The scene changes to the road for London, and the following description is then dramatized. It is so curious a picture of manners, as indeed the whole narrative is, that we need scarcely apologize for its length :— "This Greene, having doings for his master Sir Anthony Ager, had occasion to go up to London, where his master then lay, and, having some charge up with him, desired one Bradshaw, a goldsmith of Feversham, that was his neighbour, to accompany him to Gravesend, and he would content him for his pains. This Bradshaw, being a very honest man, was content, and rode with him. And when they came to Rainhamdown they chanced to see three or four servingmen that were coming from Leeds; and therewith Bradshaw espied, coming up the hill from Rochester, one Black Will, a terrible cruel ruffian, with a sword and a buckler, and another with a great staff on his neck. Then said Bradshaw to Greene, We are happy that there cometh some company from Leeds, for here cometh up against us as murdering a knave as any is in England: if it were not for them, we might chance hardly escape without loss of our money and lives. Yea, thought Greene (as he after confessed), such a one is for my purpose; and therefore asked, Which is he? Yonder is he, quoth Bradshaw, the same that hath the sword and buckler; his name is Black Will. How know you that? said Greene. Bradshaw answered, I knew him at Boulogne, where we both served; he was a soldier and I was Sir Richard Cavendish's man; and there he committed many robberies and heinous murders on such as travelled betwixt Boulogne and France. By this time the other company of servingmen came to them, and they, going altogether, met with Black Will and his fellow. The servingmanded of him whither he went? He answered, men knew Black Will, and, saluting him, deBy his blood (for his use was to swear almost at every word), I know not, nor care not; but set up my staff, and even as it falleth I go. If thou, quoth they, will go back again to Gravesend, we will give thee thy supper. By his blood, said he, I care not; I am content; have with you and so he returned again with them. Then Black Will took acquaintance of Brad shaw, saying, Fellow Bradshaw, how dost thou ? Bradshaw, unwilling to renew acquaintance, or to have aught to do with so shameless a ruffian, said, Why, do ye know me? Yea, that I do, quoth he; did not we serve in Boulogne together? But ye must pardon me, quoth Bradshaw, for I have forgotten you. Then Greene talked with Black Will, and said, When ye have supped, come to mine host's house at such a sign, and I will give you the sack and sugar. By his blood, said he, I thank you; I will come and take it, I warrant you. According to his promise he came, and there they made good cheer. Then Black Will and Greene went and talked apart from Bradshaw, and there concluded together, that if he would kill Master Arden he should have ten pounds for his labour. Then he answered, By his wounds, that I will if I may know him. Marry, to-morrow in Paul's I will show him thee, said Greene. Then they left their talk, and Greene bad him go home to his host's house. Then Greene wrote a letter to Mistress Arden, and among other things put in these words,-We have got a man for our purpose; we may thank my brother Bradshaw. Now Bradshaw, not knowing anything of this, took the letter of him, and in the morning departed home again, and delivered the letter to Mistress Arden, and Greene and Black Will went up to London at the tide." The scene in the play seizes upon the principal points of this description, but the variations are those of a master. Bradshaw, it seems, is a goldsmith, and he is involved in a charge of buying some stolen plate. He thus describes the man who sold it him, and we can scarcely avoid thinking that here is the same power, though in an inferior degree, which produced the description of the apothecary in Romeo and Juliet: '— "Will. What manner of man was he? Brad. A watchet satin doublet all to-torn: A livery cloak, but all the lace was off; 'T was bad, but yet it serv'd to hide the plate." One of the sources of the enchaining interest of this drama is to be found in the repeated escapes of Arden from the machinations of his enemies. We have seen the poison fail, and now the ruffian, whom no ordinary circumstances deterred from the commission of his purpose, is to be defeated by an unforeseen casualty. The Chronicle' says, "At the time appointed Greene showed Black Will Master Arden walking in Paul's. Then said Black Will, What is he that goeth after him? Marry, said Greene, one of his men. By his blood, said Black Will, I will kill them both. Nay, said Greene, do not so, for he is of counsel with us in this matter. By his blood, said he, I care not for that; I will kill them both. Nay, said Greene, in any wise do not so. Then Black Will thought to have killed Master Arden in Paul's churchyard, but there were so many gentlemen that accompanied him to dinner, that he missed of his purpose." The dramatist presents the scene much more strikingly to the senses, in a manner which tells us something of the inconveniences of old London. The ruffians are standing before a shop; an apprentice enters saying "'T is very late, I were best shut up my stall, for here will be old* filching when the press comes forth of Paul's." The stage direction which follows is:“Then lets he down his window, and it breaks Black Will's head." The accident disturbs the immediate purpose of the ruffians. The character of Black Will is drawn with great force, but there is probably something of a youthful judgment in making the murderer speak in high poetry :— "I tell thee, Greene, the forlorn traveller, Whose lips are glued with summer-scorching heat, Ne'er long'd so much to see a running brook As I to finish Arden's tragedy." The other ruffian is Shakebag, and in the same way he speaks in the language which a youthful poet scarcely knows how to avoid * Old-excessive. summoning from the depths of his own imagination:: "I cannot paint my valour out with words: But give me place and opportunity. Such mercy as the starven lioness, When she is dry suck'd of her eager young, Shows to the prey that next encounters her, On Arden so much pity would I take." The propriety of putting poetical images in the mouths of the low agents of crime cannot exactly be judged by looking at such passages apart from that by which they are surrounded. There is no comedy in Arden of Feversham.' The characters and events are lifted out of ordinary life of purpose by the poet. The ambition of a young writer may have carried this too far, but the principle upon which he worked was a right one. He aimed to produce something higher than a literal copy of every-day life, and this constitutes the essential distinction between 'Arden of Feversham' and the Yorkshire Tragedy,' as between Shakspere and Heywood, and Shakspere and Lillo. In the maturity of his genius Shakspere did not vulgarize even his murderers. At the instant before the assault upon Banquo, one of the guilty instruments of Macbeth says, in the very spirit of poetry,— "The west yet glimmers with some streaks of day: Now spurs the lated traveller apace, To gain the timely inn." Early in the drama, as we have seen, Alice proposes to her husband's servant to make away with his master. The circumstance has come to the knowledge of Greene, who, after the defeat of the plan through the apprentice's shutter, has to devise with his ruffians another mode of accomplishing Arden's death. The Chronicle' thus tells the story: "Greene showed all this talk to Master Arden's man, whose name was Michael, which ever after stood in doubt of Black Will, lest he should kill him. The cause that this Michael conspired with the rest against his master was, for that it was determined that he should marry a kinswoman of Mosbie's. After this, Master Arden lay at a certain parsonage which he held in London, and therefore his man Michael and Greene agreed that Black Will should come in the night to the parsonage, where he should find the doors left open that he might come in and murder Master Arden." The scene in which Michael consents to this proposal, with great reluctance, is founded upon the above text. We have a scene of Arden and Franklin, before they go to bed, in which Arden is torn with apprehension of the dishonour of his wife. There is great power here; but there is something of a higher order in the conflicting terrors of Michael when he is left alone, expecting the arrival of the pitiless murderer :“Conflicting thoughts, encamped in my breast, Awake me with the echo of their strokes; And I, a judge to censure either side, Can give to neither wished victory. My master's kindness pleads to me for life, With just demand, and I must grant it him: My mistress she hath forc'd me with an oath, For Susan's sake, the which I may not break, For that is nearer than a master's love: That grim-fac'd fellow, pitiless Black Will, And Shakebag stern, in bloody stratagem (Two rougher ruffians never liv'd in Kent) Have sworn my death if I infringe my vowA dreadful thing to be consider'd of. Methinks I see them with their bolster'd hair, Staring and grinning in thy gentle face, And, in their ruthless hands their daggers drawn, Insulting o'er thee with a peck of oaths, Whilst thou, submissive pleading for relief, Art mangled by their ireful instruments! Methinks I hear them ask where Michael is, And pitiless Black Will cries, 'Stab the slave; The peasant will detect the tragedy.' The wrinkles of his foul death-threatening face Gape open wide like graves to swallow men: My death to him is but a merriment; And he will murder me to make him sport.He comes! he comes! Master Franklin, help; Call up the neighbours, or we are but dead." This in a young poet would not only be promise of future greatness, but it would be the greatness itself. The conception of this scene is wholly original. The guilty coward, driven by the force of his imagination into an agony of terror so as to call for help, and thus defeat the plot in which he had been an accomplice, is a creation of real genius. The |