PAISLEY.

In 1760 the making of silk gauze was first attempted, in imitation of that of Spitalfields; and it soon attained to great importance, both in the town and villages round to the distance of 20 m. This trade afterward declined; but not till the Spitalfields manufacturers had been driven out of the market, and some of them had transferred their establishments to Paisley. It has again revived; and "Pais-viduals without capital; which has tempted the latter to ley now furnishes nearly all the silk gauzes used in the kingdom, with the exception of those imported from France." (New Stat. Account, ut supra, p. 267.)

In 1785, when the silk gauze trade experienced a temporary interruption, many of the principal houses in the town, entered into the muslin manufacture, which rose to a great height of prosperity. This branch has considerably de-ly a few hundred yards W. of Renfrew, is navigable to clined; but the fabrics, which are chiefly designed for the London market, are of first-rate excellence in point of taste and elegance of execution. The ornamenting of muslins by fine needle-work has lately become a considerable employment.

PALATINE.

PALERMO.

will, no doubt, be injured by the opening of the railway.
The first light iron passage-boats were established on this
canal in 1831. In addition to the Paisley Commercial Bank-
ing Company, there are three branch banks; and a savings'
bank, or provident bank, instituted in 1815. The neigh-ble plants. On the W., Palermo extends to the foot of the
bourhood of the town produces coal, ironstone, fire-clay,
and potters' clay; and there are manufactures of sulphate
of iron, or copperas, alum, muriate of potash, and sulphate
of ammonia. (New Stat. Acc., p. 157-159.)

Previously to the passing of the Reform Act in 1832,
Paisley, notwithstanding its great wealth and importance,
had no parliamentary representative; but the act in ques-
tion conferred on it the important privilege of sending one
member to the House of Commons. Registered voters in
1840-41, 1257. Municipal revenue, £3997 13s. 4d. Num-
ber of councillors, 16. The sheriff courts of the county were
transferred from Renfrew, the capital of the shire, to Pais-
ley, so early as 1705.

Paisley is very ancient, and is supposed to occupy the site of the Roman station Vanduaria. In 1164, Walter, son of Allan, lord high steward of Scotland, founded a monastery here, of which nothing remains but the nave and its collateral appendages, now used as the parish caurch. This abbey, the precincts of which were enclosed with a wall about one mile in circuit, was the burial-place of this noble family till they became kings of Scotland. At the Reformation, this property passed into the hands of a branch of the noble house of Hamilton, now represented by the Marquis of Abercorn, in whose possession (with a slight interruption) it has ever since remained. Paisley, in 1483, was regularly constituted under the jurisdiction of the abbot. The "Black Book of Paisley" has lately been ascertained to be simply a MS. copy of Fordun's "Scotichronicon." The "Chartulary of Paisley" was printed in 1832 by the Maitland Club of Glasgow. Sir William Wallace is said to have been born at Elderslie, 2 m. S.W. of the town. (In addition to the works already quoted, see Chalmer's Caledonia, vol. iii.; Crawfurd's Hist. of Renfrewshire, 3d ed., 1818; Bound. Reports, and Priv. Inform.)

PALATINE, p. t., Montgomery co., N. Y., 56 m. W.N.W. Albany, 390 W. Bounded S. by Mohawk river. Watered by Garoga creek. It contains & Presbyterian and a Lutheran church, two stores, one grist-mill, two saw-mills; three schools, 115 scholars. Pop. 2823,

PALAWAN, an island of the E. archipelago, 4th div., about midway between Borneo and the N. Philippines. It is long and narrow, extending between lat 80 and 110 N., and long. 1170 and 1200 F.; having N.W. the China sea, and S.E. that of Sooloo. Length, N. to S., 275 m.; average breadth about 32 m. It is little known to Europeans; but its W. appears to be loftier than its E. side, and inhabited by a savage people, who seldom approach the coast. Palawan produces cowries, wax, tortoise-shell, ebony, and lake wood: the sea-slug abounds around its shores.

PALEMBANG. See SUMATRA.

PALENCIA, a city of Spain, k. of Leon, cap. prov. of its own name, on the Carrion (crossed here by two bridges), 57 m. S.E. Leon, and 118 m. N.N.W. Madrid. Pop., according to Miñano, 10,813. It is agreeably situated in an extensive valley near the canal of Castile, and comprises several straight and pretty wide streets, with a spacious square, having colonnades on two of its sides. In the environs, also, are several well-planted walks, or alamedas. Its principal public buildings are the cathedral (one of the largest Gothic structures in Spain), five parish churches, a well-endowed hospital, a poor-house, (formerly a palace, built by the Cid,) foundling asylum, and bishop's palace. Palencia had a university prior to the establishment of that at Salamanea; and it still possesses a superior seminary, with about 60 students, of grammar and philosophy. It has manufactures of woollen goods, blankets, coverlets, and serge, which meet with a ready sale throughout Spain; and of hats and earthenware, with tanneries, &c. A fair is held annually in September.

PALERMO (an. Panormus, from wav, all, and oppos, a station for ships, from the number of vessels that frequented its port), the cap. city, and principal seaport of Sicily, on its N. coast towards its W. extremity; lat. (observatory) 380 6' 44" N., long. 13° 20′ 15′′ E. Pop., in 1831, 173,478; but in consequence of the prevalence of cholera, it is now (1840) said to be under 140,000. It is built along the S.W. side of an extensive bay, in a plain which, from its luxuriance, and from being surrounded by mountains on three sides, has been termed the "golden shell" (conca d'oro). In front of the city, the numerous steeples, cupolas, and towers of which give it a noble appearance from the sea, is the Marina, a raised platform or terrace, extending above 1 m. along the bay, and about 80 paces in breadth. extremity of this walk is the Flora, a public garden, laid At the E. out in walks, interspersed with statues, fountains, and summer-houses. People of all ranks are admitted, and in fine evenings it appears the rendezvous of the whole city.

536

Adjoining the Flora is the botanical garden, at the entrance of which is a building similar to an ancient temple, in well laid out, and contains an extensive collection of valua which botanical lectures are delivered. The garden is rocky and abrupt mountain Pellegrino, but on the E. a reach of well cultivated grounds ascends gradually to cape Zaffarano, which bounds the bay on that side. The city is the bastions being occupied by gardens, while others have surrounded by an old wall, of little or no strength, some of been cut away to increase the breadth of the Marina. It is, however, defended by a citadel and several other forts, ing much scattered they would require a large garrison, and which are tolerably strong towards the sea; though from becould not hold out against a force investing the city by land. Palermo is regularly built, and, if better finished, might be esteemed an elegant city. Two large streets, the Casintersect each other at right angles, dividing the city intosaro and Strada Nuovo, each upward of a mile in length, cipal gates. These streets are well paved with large flat four equal parts, and each leading to one of the four prinblocks of lava, and are faced throughout their whole length with handsome buildings. The central space where they meet is an octagon (Piazzo Ottangoloza); each of its sides consists of an edifice three stories in height, combining the riched with statues and fountains. A coup-d'ail of similar Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders; and it is besides enmagnificence to that enjoyed from this piazza is, perhaps, not to be met with in any other city of Europe. (Russell's Sicily, 43.)

There are several other public places or squares adorned
cipal are the column of St. Dominic, and the superb foun-
with obelisks, jets-d'eau, and sculpture, of which the prin-
tain opposite the pretorian palace.
except those above named, are irregularly laid out, narrow,
and ill built. The houses are almost all high, and a num-
But all the streets,
projections lessen the symmetry of the architecture, but
ber of them have balconies with iron railings. These
afford of enjoying the cool evening breeze in so warm a
this is more than countervailed by the convenience they
climate. Almost every house has a common stair; and
each story of apartments forms, as in the old houses of
Paris and Edinburgh, the separate residence of a family.
their architecture, but their interior is usually deformed by
Several of the mansions of the nobility are admired for
a multiplicity of false ornaments. Many have marble col
umns, either in front, or in the large court, which they
generally inclose; but their effect is frequently destroyed
by the meanness of the adjoining buildings. Altogether
Palermo presents an incongruous mixture of pomp and
poverty, exemplified in noble ranges of palaces disgraced at
parading the same streets with sturdy mendicants vocifer
their bases by shops and stalls, and in showy equipages
ously demanding food, or sluggishly taking their siesta on
other loungers, yawn on chairs before the coffee-houses;
the pavement.
and artisans of every kind at their respective employments
Swarms of priests, nobles, officers, and
outside their shop doors, usurp the sides of the streets,
obliging foot passengers to walk in the centre among the
on the part of the coachmen, added to the hurry of busi-
numerous carriages. The constant calling out this occasions
ness, and the groups round the ice-water stalls, form an
animated and singular if not a pleasing scene.

the houses have fountains, even in their second and third
The supply of water is peculiarly abundant, and most of
stories; hence the city is in general clean, except after
heavy rains, when, from the lowness of its site, it becomes
extremely muddy, and recourse is sometimes had to move-
ble iron bridges for crossing the streets.
cellent supply of provisions of every description; and during
the absence of the moon, the principal streets are tolerably
There is an ex-
well lighted. The city, excepting on the site of the ancient
port, where malaria is generated in autumn, is healthy.
The temperature of winter seldom falls below 50° Fah.
between 800 and 900; and then the inhabitants generally
In summer, however, the thermometer keeps for months
them shut for three or four hours, an interval during which
shut up their houses and shops a little before noon, keeping
all is silence and stagnation. The Scirocco is very oppres
sive, but fortunately not of frequent occurrence.

tutions. Convents and churches are particularly numerous;
Palermo has a great number of public edifices and insti-
of the former there are even said to be nearly 70! Most of
the churches are sumptuous: but they discover no taste,
and offend the eye by a profusion of ornament.
monotony reigns in their construction, being generally built
with an elevated façade, a large nave, and two side aisles,
A striking
and decorated with pillars, paintings. statues, flowers, and
bounded by lateral chapels, dedicated to various saints,
candelabra. Some, however, as that formerly belonging to
cathedral, erected about 1180, by Archbishop Waller, an
the Jesuits, must be exempted from this censure.

The

with oil-cloth, leather, &c.; and there is here a glass-work,
the only one in Sicily. The tunny fishery employs from
900 to 1000 boats, and 3500 fishermen. But the principal
resources of the inhabitants depend on Palermo being the
residence of the viceroy and the seat of government, and on
her trade. The latter, indeed, is but trifling, compared to
what it would be were Sicily under an enlightened govern-
ment, capable of calling forth its vast resources. But even
at present it is far from inconsiderable. The great articles
of export are shumac, fruits of various sorts, including
oranges and lemons, wine, manna, brimstone, &c. Sub-
joined is a
STATEMENT of the Quantities and Values of the principal
Articles exported from Palermo in 1839.

In the neighbourhood are many fine specimens of Moorish architecture; the principal being the Saracenic fortress of Kuba, now used as cavalry barracks; and the Ziza, a palace erected in the 9th or 10th century, still in good repair, and occasionally used as a royal residence. Near the latter is a Capuchin convent, with a cadavery, or receptacle for the reception of dead bodies. A royal residence, in the Chinese style, stands outside the walls, near M. Pellegrino; and about 10 m. E. Palermo, near the bay, is La Bagaria, the favourite residence of many Sicilian nobles. Several of the villas of the nobility are richly adorned, both by na-Sicily. It was the residence of the court of Naples during ture and art: that of Prince Palagonia, however, is chiefly noted for its statues of all sorts of monsters.

Palermo is the see of an archbishop, who is primate of Sicily; the seat of an intendant and council of intendency; a departmental council; a supreme court of justice, with 14 judges; a civil and criminal court for the intendency, and a tribunal of commerce. It has a university, the second in the Neapolitan dominion, attended by about 600 students, comprising several eminent names among its professors. It has a library of upwards of 30,000 vols., a printing press, several museums; but only a few lectures are given, and the education is worthless in the extreme. Palermo has also a high female seminary, second to that of Naples; a college of nobles, an episcopal seminary, and many inferior schools; numerous charities, including two large hospitals, a lunatic and a foundling asylum, houses of industry for mendicants, &c.; public baths, and several public libraries and scientific associations. Silk manufactures were established here in the 11th century, and they still form the chief branch of manufacturing industry, though much less flourishing than formerly. Cotton fabrics are also produced,

PALMA.

It is about 1 m. in circ., and is surrounded by a brick
wall, flanked with towers, the gates being defended by out-
works, mounted with small cannon. It is of considerable
political importance, being a frontier town on the desert
separating Gujrat from Sinde and Cutch, and on the main
route from Rajpootana southward. The state, of which it
is the cap., extends from 30 to 40 m. round, including two
towns, and about 130 villages, and producing a yearly reve-
nue of about 24 lacs rup. (Hamilton, E. I. Gaz.)
PALMA. See MAJORCA.

PALMAS, the principal town of the Canary islands,
which see.

PALME, or PALMI, a town of the Neapolitan dom., prov. Calabria Ultra I., cap. distr., on the gulf of Gioja, 214 m. N.E. Reggio. Pop. about 7000. It was partially destroyed by the earthquake of 1783, but has since been restored. It is well built; its streets being regular, and its houses mostly of stone, and in good taste. In its centre is an elegantly sculptured and well supplied fountain. It has some manufactures of silken and woollen fabrics, and trades in oil, liqueurs, &c. (Craven's Tour, 292.)

PALMER, p. t. Hampden co., Mass., 81 W. Boston, 391 W. Bounded W. by Swift river, S. by Chicapee river. Watered by Ware river. It contains a Congregational and a Baptist church, 8 stores, 3 grist-mills, 3 saw-mills; 14 schools, 350 scholars. Pop. 2139.

PALMYRA, (the Tadmor of the Scriptures, by which name it has always been designated by the Arabs,) a celebrated city of antiquity, and the cap. of the region of Palmyrene in Syria, in an oasis in the midst of deserts in the modern pach. of Damascus, 147 m. S.E. Aleppo, and 187 m. S.S.W. Damascus, lat. 34° 29′ N., long. 38° 48′ E.

PALMYRA.

trance to which was supported by four fluted Ionic pillars, of grapes in bold and spirited relief, beautifully chiselled. and adorned with rich carvings of vine-leaves and clusters The outer precinct, which encloses a quadrangular space pilasters both within and without. Inside this court are the of 220 sq. yards, is formed by a lofty wall, adorned with height, and another row of columns 50 ft. in height, apremains of two rows of noble marble pillars, each 37 ft. in pears to have encircled the temple, which, however, was converted into a mosque, and its interior is disfigured by pasonly 100 ft. in length by 45 ft. in breadth: it has since been sages from the Koran written round the walls.

of all the ruins, occupy the tops and sides of the surrounding eminence, some presenting mere heaps of rubbish; The sepulchres, which are, perhaps, the most interesting one or two still exist almost entire. They are built in the others half fallen, exposing their shattered chambers; while shape of square towers, from three to four stories in height, into compartments for the reception of the bodies. Some each forming a sepulchral chamber, with recesses divided and sculptures, in almost perfect preservation, executed in high relief; the walls are of white stucco, and the ceilings of the chambers are ornamented with Corinthian pilasters are divided into diamond-shaped compartments, delicately ornamented with white stars on a blue ground: over the Palmyrene. A few of the streets may be traced with some difficulty, and the foundations of houses are distinguishable doorways are tablets with inscriptions both in Greek and destroyed by Aurelian, though a wall still exists that has been made of materials from the sepulchres, and was proin some places; but not a vestige remains of the old walls cations. The inscriptions are both in Greek and in the unbably erected soon after the demolition of the older fortifi

pedigree is given through several generations. The inscripare honorary, generally to the effect, that the senate and people inscribed them in honour of an individual whose tions on the tombs are in Greek, and tolerably perfect. Messrs. Wood and Dawkins, which also contains drawings Fac-simile copies of them are given in the great work of of all the principal buildings of Palmyra.

History.-The earliest accounts of the existence of Palmyra are derived from the sacred writings, which state stone cities which he built in Hamath" (2 Chron. viii. 3, 4); that "Solomon built Tadmor in the wilderness, and all the phus, "because in that place were fountains and wells of and his motive for thus founding it was, according to Josewater. He gave it the name of Tadmor, which is still prevalent among the Syrians; but the Greeks name it Palmyra." (Ant. Jud. 1. viii. ch. 6.)

This once famous city is now all but deserted, not having more than 100 inhabitants, and it derives its whole im-known Palmyrene language; all of those on the columns portance from its classical associations and the number and magnificence of its ruins. These, which stand near the E declivity of a mountain range running from N. to S., may Occupy a space of about 3 sq. ms., though it is probable that the ancient city extended over a larger area, exclusive of the tombs on the tops and sides of the adjacent hills. The oasis, in which the city is situated, is traversed by two streams, which, though hot and sulphureous, are said to be wholesome, and not disagreeable. But the water used in the ancient city was of the best quality, being brought from a considerable distance by a large subterranean aqueduct, of which there are still some remains. The first view of the city is described by all travellers as extremely magnificent. On opening upon the ruins," says Captain Mangles, "as seen from the Valley of the Tombs, we were much struck with the picturesque effect of the whole, presenting altogether a most imposing sight. It was rendered doubly interesting by our having travelled through a wilderness destitute of a single building, from which we sud-urbs nobilis situ, divitiis soli et aquis amanis; vasto unPliny has noticed the city, and the peculiarities in its situation to which it owed its rise and importance: Palmyra denly opened on the innumerable columns and other ruins, the snow-white appearance of which, contrasted with the yellow sand, produced a very striking effect." (Irby and Mangle's Travels, p. 262.) The ruins are not, however, to be compared, as respects the size of the gates, columns, and temples, with those of Baalbec and Thebes; but they are more remarkable than either for their vast extent, and they are less encumbered with modern fabrics than most other ancient remains.

The ruins now extant comprise the fragments of two or three temples, several gateways, (one of which is more perfect than the rest), colonnades, sepulchres, &c. With respect to the antiquity of these ruins, it is difficult to form a conjecture: the tombs are evidently the oldest, but even these do not date as far back as the Christian era. The other buildings are considerably more recent, and most of the fine and expensive edifices appear to have been constructed during the three centuries ending with the reigned the unquestionable preponderance of the Roman arms, of Diocletian.

dique ambitu arenis includit agros; ac velut terris exempta utrimque cura. a rerum natura, privata sorte inter duo imperia summa, Romanorum Parthorumque; et prima in discordia semper (Hist. Nat., lib. v. cap. 25.) The fertility more advantageous, from its being the resting-place of the of the oasis round Palmyra made it a suitable situation for a small town; but its position in other respects was still caravans between the Persian gulf and the great cities on the Euphrates and Tigris, and Aleppo, Damascus, and the pal emporium of the commerce between the eastern and ports on the Mediterranean. Palmyra thus became a princi western worlds; and to this, no doubt, is to be ascribed the wealth and importance to which she early attained. Being situated between the empires of Rome and Parthia, it was an object of great importance with the Palmyrenians to preserve a strict neutrality, and to keep on good terms with them both. But after the victories of Trajan had establishthe rank of a colony. "It was during that peaceful period, if we may judge from a few remaining inscriptions, that the Palmyra became a dependency of Rome, and attained to Palmyrenians constructed those temples, palaces, and porticos* of Grecian architecture, whose ruins, scattered over an extent of several miles, have deserved the curiosity of our travellers." (Gibbon, cap. 9.)

On approaching the city, a ruined mosque, built by the Saracens, introduces the stranger to a fine gateway, having a lofty central arch, flanked by two others of smaller size, which lead directly to a grand avenue, which, from the remains, must have been nearly one mile in length, and bordered on either side by rows of Corinthian columns, of which, however, only 114 now remain. This avenue leads to a gateway, beyond which are ranges of pillars supporting a frieze and entablature, supposed by Mr. Addison to be the ruins of two noble gateways, that may have led from the central avenue to other colonnades now entirely destroyed. A circular colonnade, of which eighteen columns only are now standing, has in its centre a small but richly ornamented building, with niches for statues; and immediately beyond it are the prostrate remains of a magnificent building, constructed of a species of marble superior to that found in other parts of the ruins. It appears to have comprised two very large rooms; but whether it were a temple or palace, is difficult to determine. By far the most extensive ruin, however, is the Temple of the Sun, the grand en538

that which immediately proceeded her fall. Valerian, emThe most splendid period of the history of Palmyra was of Persia, Odenathus, a citizen of Palmyra, who had attained to the principal direction of her affairs, joined the peror of Rome, having been made prisoner by Sapor, king drove them beyond the Euphrates, penetrated as far as Roman forces, and had a large share in avenging the insult offered to the majesty of Rome. He attacked the Persians, and women of the great king. For these services, the sentheir capital city Ctesiphon, and captured the treasures

• According to Stephanus Byzantius, these were mostly erected by the emperor Adrian; but there is no evidence that such was really the fact, though he may have done so to some extent.

on the Ariège, 11 m. Foix. Pop., in 1836, 5972. It is well situated, and is generally well built and laid out. The cathedral, several other churches, the bishop's palace, a Carmelite convent, the courthouse, and a large civil hospital, are its principal buildings. No remains exist of its castle, built during the crusades, and called Apamea, from the Syrian town of that nanie, whence, by corruption, the present name of this town. (Hugo, &c.)

PAMLICO, river and sound, N. C. The river is the

ate, with the approbation and applause of the Roman world, conferred on Odenathus the title of Augustus, and associated him in the empire with Gallienus. These honours, however, he enjoyed only for a brief period, being soon after (A.D. 263) assassinated by his nephew. The vacant throne was seized by his young, warlike, and beautiful widow, the famous Zenobia, who broke the alliance with the imbecile Gallienus, and assumed the title of Augusta, queen of the east. The accounts that have come down to us of this extraordinary woman are so very flat-broad æstuary of Tar river, below Washington, Beaufort tering that we may not unreasonably suspect them of being exaggerated, in the view, perhaps, of enhancing the merit of her conqueror Aurelian. But that she was highly accomplished there can be no doubt. "Her manly understanding was strengthened and adorned by study. She was not ignorant of the Latin tongue, but possessed, in equal perfection, the Greek, the Syriac, and the Egyptian languages. She had drawn up, for her own use, an epitome of oriental history, and familiarly compared the beauties of Homer and Plato, under the tuition of the sublime Longinus. The success of Odenathus was, in a great measure, ascribed to her incomparable prudence and fortitude." (Gibbon.)

Zenobia, who boasted of being the descendant of Cleopatra and the Ptolemies, sent, after the death of her husband, on pretence of this relationship, an army into Egypt, which she annexed to her dominions. But her troops were unequal to a contest with the disciplined legions of Aurelian. After being defeated in two great battles, Zenobia shut herself up in Palmyra. But, seeing that it must fall into the hands of Aurelian, she attempted to make her escape; and being intercepted in her flight the city soon after surrendered. The victor sullied the glory of his conquest by ordering the execution of Longinus, author of the famous treatise on the sublime, and other advisers of the unfortunate queen; but, in other respects, the city was treated with great lenity. Unhappily, however, as soon as it was understood in Palmyra that the emperor, with his captive princess, had crossed the Hellespont, the citizens rose in rebellion, and, having massacred the Roman governor and garrison, proclaimed their independence. The instant Aurelian heard of this revolt, he at once, without a moment's hesitation, began to retrace his steps, and hastened to the ill-fated city with an irresistible force, and an insatiable thirst for vengeance. The sequel may be learn ed from his own words:-Mulieribus non pepercimus, infantes occidimus, senes jugulavimus, rusticos interemimus: cui terras, cui urbem deinceps relinquemus? Parcendum est iis qui remanserunt. (Flavius Vopiscus in Hist. August., p. 218.) At the same time the walls of the city were rased to the ground, and, in the words of Gibbon, "the seat of commerce, of arts, and of Zenobia, gradually sunk into an obscure town, a trifling fortress, and at length, a miserable village. Zenobia herself was taken to Rome to grace the triumph of Aurelian, who, however, behaved towards her with a generous clemency seldom exercised by the ancient conquerors, and presented her with an elegant villa at Tibur, where the Syrian queen insensibly sunk into a Roman matron, her daughters married into noble families, and her race was not yet extinct in the fifth century.' (Decline and Fall, ii., 44-48.) Palmyra afterwards fell with the surrounding country under the power of the Mohammedans; but history is entirely silent respecting the causes and period of its total desolation. (Wood and Dawkins on the Ruins of Palmyra; Addison's Damascus and Palmyra, ii., 284-323; Irby and Mangle's Travels, p. 262-267; Mod. Trav.)

PALMYRA, p. t., Somerset co., Me., 49 m. N.N.E. Augusta, 644 W. Drained by Sebasticook river which affords waterpower. It has two stores, one saw-mill; 11 schools, 629 scholars. Pop. 1500.

co.; it is 40 m. long, from 1 m. to 8 m. broad, and has a depth of water sufficient for any vessels which navigate the sound. Pamlico sound is a shallow body of water, 80 m. long, and from 8 m. to 30 m. broad, separated from the Atlantic by low sandy islands, scarcely a mile wide, covered with bushes. The outer point of one of these islands constitutes cape Hatteras. The principal entrance to the sound is Ocracoke inlet, which admits vessels requiring 14 feet of water. In its N. part it connects with Albemarle sound. The land around it is low, and in some places marshy. Pamlico sound receives Neuse and Tar rivers. PAMPELUNA, or PAMPLONA, a fortified city of Spain, cap. kingd. of Navarre, on a hill near the left bank of the Arga. 48 m. S. Bayonne, and 195 m. N.E. Madrid; lat. 420 49′ 57′′ N., long. 1° 39′ 45′′ W. Pop., according to Miñano, 15,000. It is surrounded by a strong wall, with bastions, but derives its principal defence from two castles, one within and the other outside the walls, the latter, the citadel, being situated on a rock (of which the only accessible part is covered by a morass), and encircled by a deep ditch. The interior comprises several wide and straight streets, lined on both sides with trottoirs; three public squares, in the largest of which bull-fights are held; six public fountains, supplied with water from a fine aqueduct 3 m. in length; and the Taconera, a public walk. Outside the walls are three other planted walks, and six bridges across the river, connecting the town with the suburbs. The houses are irregularly built; and the public edifices, which comprise a cathedral, four parish churches, two palaces, a prison, poor asylum, and small theatre, are more remarkable for antiquity than beauty. Within the citadel are extensive barracks and magazines, and a curious corn-mill, turning five sets of stones, and capable of grinding 360 quintals of wheat a day. Pampeluna is a place of little industry, confined chiefly to the manufacture of coarse linen cloths, parchment, and white wax. Its trade also has long been in a languishing condition; and the town exhibits few signs of activity, except at its fair in July, which is much frequented both by the French and Spaniards. The surrounding country abounds with many varieties of grain and fruit; but agriculture is much neglected, and is only slowly recovering from the ravages inflicted during the late civil war.

Pampeluna, supposed to have been built by Pompey, after the defeat of Sertorius, and called by him Pompeiopolis, was taken in the fifth century by the Goths, from whom it passed to the Moors. After the foundation of the kingdom of Navarre, it was made its capital city, and sustained several sieges. The most memorable event connected with the town, however, is the contest that took place for its possession between the English and French at the close of the peninsular war. In June, 1813, on the sudden retreat of the French army from Vittoria, the road to Pampeluna was alone open, and this fortress was hastily garrisoned and provisioned. It was forthwith invested by the British; but the approach of Marshal Soult, with an army, toward the close of July, promised it an early deliverance. It was in the vicinity of Pampeluna that the obstinate conflicts of the 27th and 29th of July took place; and, the French being compelled to repass the Pyrenees with great loss, Pampeluna was cut off from all supplies, and surrendered on the 31st of October.

PALMYRA, p. t., Wayne co., N. Y., 195 m. W. by N. Al PANAMA, or DARIEN (ISTHMUS OF), the narrow bany, 352 W. Watered by Mud creek. The Erie canal neck of land which connects the continents of N. and S. passes through it. It contains four churches, a Presbyte-America, forming a province of the Colombian republic of rian, Episcopal, Methodist and Baptist, 20 stores, one full-New Granada, between the 8th and 10th degrees of N. lat., ing-mill, three grist-mills, five saw-mills, two tanneries, and the 77th and 81st of W. long., having E. the Colombian one printing-office, one weekly newspaper; two academies, province Choco, W. that of Veragua, N. the Atlantic, and 77 students; 15 schools, 662 scholars. Pop. 3549. S. the Pacific ocean. Its shape is that of an are, the conPALMYRA, P. V., capital of Marion co., Mo., 111 m. N.N.W. vex side facing the N.; length, W. to E., about 300 m.; Jefferson city, 925 W. Situated 8 m. from Missouri river. general breadth about 40 m., but, where narrowest, not It contains a courthouse, three handsome brick churches, more than 28 m. from sea to sea. Population of province a Presbyterian, Methodist and Baptist, a U. States' land in 1835, 72,665. The Cordillera, or chain of the Andes, is office, two printing-offices, two weekly newspapers, and here interrupted by several remarkable breaks of low and several stores. Marion college is 12 m. W., and Lower level land, through which it has been proposed to carry a college 6 m. S. Both are manual labour institutions. canal or railway but near the city of Panama its summits rise to 1000 or 1100 feet of elevation, and farther E. they are considerably more lofty, and are generally covered with dense forests. The isthmus is extremely well watered; and, though without any river of considerable length, several of its streams are partially navigable. The dry season lasts from December to April, and the wet during the rest of the year. The quantity of rain is prodigious; but a very

PAMELIA, t., Jefferson co., N. Y., 4 m. N. Watertown, 168 m. N.W. Albany. Bounded S. by Black river. Watered by Perch river. It contains six stores, two fullingmills, one cotton factory with 2424 spindles, two grist-mills, eight saw-mills, two tanneries; 16 schools, 780 scholars. Pop. 2104.

PAMIERS, a town of France, dep. Ariège, cap. arrond.,