NEPI. tive symptoms of hostility to the English were displayed in 1839; but these were checked by the events of Affghanis tan. (Hamilton's Nepaul, passim.) NEPI (an. Nepete), a town of central Italy, Papal states, deleg. Viterbo, 25 m. N.N.W. Rome. Pop. about 1500. It. is beautifully situated, and surrounded by a high Gothic wall, partly founded on the original walls erected by the Etruscans. It has numerous churches and convents, and a fine modern aqueduct, but a gloomy and desolate appearance within. Some Roman antiquities exist here. Conjoined with Sutri, Nepi constitutes a bishop's see. (Gell's Rome, &c., ii., 118.) NERAC, a town of France, dep. Lot-et-Garonne, cap. arrond., on the Baise, a tributary of the Garonne, 16 m. S.W. Agen. Pop., in 1836, ex. com., 3684. It is divided into the old and new town, one on either bank of the river, here crossed by two stone bridges. The old town, on a steep declivity, and partly surrounded with Gothic walls, is ill built and gloomy; but the new town, on a level site, and encircled by promenades, is well laid out, and handsome. Nerac has the remains of an extensive castle, said to have been constructed by the English, a fine parish church, a large hall, and several other good public buildings. One of the promenades has a good statue of Henry IV., who passed most part of his youth in the castle of Nerac. This town has manufactures of coarse woollens, ship biscuit, and corks; and a good deal of trade in linen fabrics, corn, flour, wine, and brandy. Numerous Roman antiquities, including baths and other edifices, medals, inscriptions, &c., have been discovered at Nerac, from which it would appear that it was anciently called Aque Nere, and was either founded or greatly embellished by Tetricus, in the reign of Gallienus. (Hugo, art. Lot-et-Garonne, &c.) NERBUDDAH, (Narmada, "The bestower of pleasure,' called by Ptolemy the Namadus,) a river of Hindostan, extending through 9 degs, of long, in the N. part of the Deccan. It rises in the table-land of Gundwanah, lat. 22° 40′ N., long. 81° 45' E., near the sources of the Sone and Mahanuddy. It has a general W. direction, with fewer windings than most Indian rivers; and, after a course of about 700 m., falls into the gulf of Cambay, lat. 21° 36', long. 720 50, 28 m. W. Baroach. It varies considerably in breadth; being 600 yards across, near Jubbulpoor, in long. 800, and 1200 yards at Mundleysir, 210 m. from its mouth; while above and below Baroach, it sometimes expands to a breadth of 3 m. At its source, the Nerbuddah may be 2460 feet above the level of the sea: its total rate of descent will be therefore nearly 34 feet in a mile. During its passage it is greatly obstructed by rocks, islands, shallows, and rapids, which render its navigation in most parts difficult or impracticable through the provinces Gundwanah, Malwah, &c.; but, after entering Gujrat, it becomes navigable for small craft for about 100 m. from the sea. The Nerbuddah is joined by no affluent of any consequence. For so cousiderable a river its basin is remarkably narrow and restricted; it being inclosed on the N., for the most part, by the Vindhyan mountains, and on the S. by the Santpoora and other parallel ranges, which are seldom more than from 50 to 60 m. from the former. The valley through which it flows, consists of fertile alluvial soil, in which many fossil remains have been found. (See Journ. of the Asiatic Soc. of Bengal.) Mundlah, Gurrah Warrah, Hussingabad, Hinda, Mheysur, and Baroach, are the principal towns on this river. By the war of 1817-18, the British obtained an extent of nearly 30,000 sq. m. of the country watered by this river from the rajah of Berar, which, under the term of " Ceded Districts on the Nerbuddah," has been annexed to the Bengal presidency, and, in 1820, produced a total revenue of 1,876,398 rupees. (Parl. Reports; Asiatic Journals; Hamilton's E. I. Gazetteer.) NESCOPECK, p. t., Luzerne co., Pa., 98 m. N.E. Harrisburg, 208 W. Watered by Big and Little Wapwallopen and Nescopeck creeks, flowing into Susquehanna river, which bounds it on the N.W. A covered bridge 1256 feet long, which cost $31,000, here crosses the Susquehanna. It contains two stores, one forge, two flouring-mills, six saw-mills; six schools, 265 scholars. Pop. 1370. NESHANNOCK, t., Mercer co., Pa., 12 m. S.W. Mercer. Watered by Neshannock creek. It contains two commismission houses in foreign trade, three stores, one furnace, one fulling-mill, three woollen factories, seven grist-mills, 12 saw-mills; 13 schools, 555 scholars. Pop. 2068. NESHOBA, county, Miss. Situated toward the E. part of the state, and contains 600 sq. m. Watered by Pearl river and its head branches. It contained in 1840, 10,003 1 eat cattle, 677 sheep, 8663 swine; and produced 7163 bushels of wheat, 83,230 of Indian corn, 1810 of oats, 14,506 of potatoes, 1563 pounds of rice, 2918 of tobacco, 1,032,947 of cotton. It had three stores, four grist-mills, three sawmills, three tanneries; four schools, 65 scholars. Pop.: whites, 1693; slaves, 744; total, 2437. Capital, Philadelphia NEUCHATEL NETHER PROVIDENCE, p. t., Delaware co., Pa., 12 m. W. Philadelphia, 90 m. E. by S. Harrisburg, 124 W. Bounded W. by Ridley creek, and E. by Crum creek, both flowing into Delaware river. It contains seven stores, one flouring-mill, three grist-mills, five saw-mills; one school, 144 scholars. Pop. 1025. NETHERLANDS. See HOLLAND. NETTUNO, a small seaport of southern Italy, in the Campagna and Comarca di Roma, 314 m. S.S.É. Rome. Pop, about 3000. It seems to have derived its name from an ancient temple dedicated to Neptune, and is built round the bastions of a Papal fortress. It has now but little activity or commerce, owing to the unhealthiness and depopulation of its vicinity; but in antiquity, under the name of Cano, or Cerio, it was the port of Antium, the capital of the Volsci, some remains of which city exist about 2 m. W. by S. (Gell's Rome, &c., ii., 122.) NEUBURG, a town of Bavaria, circle Swabia and Neuburg; on the Danube, here crossed by two bridges, 284 m. N.N.E. Augsburg, and 45 m. W.S.W. Ratisbon. Pop. 6000. It is divided into the upper and lower town; and has some remains of its ancient walls, a royal castle, in which many curiosities are kept, an arsenal, a royal institute, a hospital. a gymnasium, and a teacher's seminary. It is neat and well built; and is the seat of the high court of appeal for the circle. (Berghaus, &c.) NEUCHATEL, or NEUFCHATEL, a canton in the W. of Switzerland, forming a principality belonging to Prussia; between lat. 46° 50′ and 47° 10′, and long. 6° 25′ and 70 5′ E.; having N.E. and E. the canton Bern, S.E. the lake of Neuchatel, S.W. Vaud, and W. and N.W. the dep. of Doubs, in France. Length N.E. to S.W., 33 m.; average breadth about 9 m.; area, 280 sq. m. Pop., in 1837, 58,616, of whom 17,744 were either citizens of other cantons, or foreigners. The Jura chain runs through the canton in its entire length, dividing it into two parts, one belonging to the basin of the Rhine, and the other to that of the Rhone. This mountain range often rises to 5000 feet in elevation; and the Chassiral, its highest point within the canton, rises 5285 ft. above the sea. The valleys extend generally in a longitudinal direction, parallel to the mountains. The principal lakes are those of Neuchatel (which see), and a part of that of Bienne; principal rivers, the Doubs, constituting the N.W. boundary; the Reuse, Thielle, Tyon, &c. The climate varies greatly the vine is cultivated on the banks of the lake of Neuchatel; but in some of the more elevated valleys the winter is very severe, and on many of the mountains snow remains continuously for seven or eight months. The soil is principally calcareous. Of 256,000 poses or arpents of land, which the canton is estimated to comprise, 35,000 are arable, 4600 vineyards, 58,000 in artificial, and 60,000 in natural pastures, and 45,000 in forests. There are very few large proprietors: the savings of the labouring population, both agricultural and manufacturing, are generally laid out on the purchase of cottages, with a small portion of adjacent land. Excepting wine and vegetables, this canton does not yield enough of agricultural produce for its own consumption; and the principal part of its supply of corn is imported from the neighbouring cants. of Basle and Bern. Considerable quantities of wine grown around Neuchatel are exported to the neighbouring Swiss cantons. The best wines are those of Cortaillod, Neuchatel, and Boudry. The first in fine years is said to approach pretty closely to Burgundy. Within the last few years the preparation of sparkling wines, sold as champagne, has become a pretty extensive branch of business, from 120,000 to 140,000 bottles being annually exported. A good many cattle are reared, principally cows; and cheese is one of the principal articles of export. Hay is also extensively exported. Neuchatel is one of the principal manufacturing cantons of Switzerland, especially for watches, printed cottons, and lace. Watch-making, which was introduced early in the 17th century, is carried on to a great extent in the moun-tainous districts, but particularly in and near Le Locle and Chaux de Fond. It is estimated that from 18,000 to 20,000 hands are employed in this branch of industry, or in manufacturing instruments for the construction of watches. From 100,000 to 120,000 watches are supposed to be annually produced, of which 35,000 are of gold; they are exported to France, Germany, Holland, Italy, Spain, America, Turkey, &c. Mostly all the watches sold in Paris are made in Neuchatel, and the neighbouring Swiss cantons, whence they are either smuggled into France, or regularly imported, the gold watches paying a duty of six and those of silver of 10 per cent. The capital employed in the watch trade has been estimated at 7000,000 of Swiss francs, or upward of £386,000 sterling. It is difficult to ascertain the ordinary rate of wages, workmen being generally paid by the job, and not by a stipulated salary. But it is believed that a man's wages may be estimated, at an average, at from 1000 to 1500 francs (£55 10s. to £83) a year. Lace NEUCHATEL. making was said by Ebel to occupy from 5000 to 6000 hands; but it has declined, and many persons formerly engaged in it have embraced some branch of watch-making. The printed cotton manufacture was established early in the last century, towards the latter end of which it was in its most flourishing state. At present most of the cotton cloths printed in Neuchatel are furnished by Zürich and other Swiss cantons; and only about 1000 men, women, and children, are employed in this manufacture, who produce annually about 80,000 pieces, each containing about 32 English yards. Of these prints about 30,000 pieces are sent to the Prussian territories, and the remaining 50,000 to Holland, Belgium, and Italy. Hosiery, cutlery, mathematical instruments, and metallic wares of various kinds, are among the other manufactures of the canton. Neuchatel is not a member of the Prussian Commercial League, but its manufactures are admitted into the Prussian dominions at a diminished duty. Watches, &c., pay one half, wine two fifths, and printed cottons pay 20 rix-dollars per cwt. of the ordinary tariff duty. The livre or franc of Neuchatel (of 20 sols of 12 deniers each) = 10 batzen, or about 1s. 8d. English. NEUSOHL. Neuchatel, 17 m. N.W. Freyburg, and 45 m. E.S.E. Besancon. Pop. from 5000 to 6000. It is built upon the steep slope of the Jura mountains, and along a narrow strip of level ground between the hills and the lake. Its objects of curiosity comprise the castle, formerly occupied by the French princes of Neuchatel, but now by the Prussian governor; the church, a Gothic edifice of the 12th century; the town-hall, in which the audiences générales meet; the gymnasium, with a museum of natural history, &c. Its charitable institutions are on a large scale; one hospital and poor-house was founded and endowed with a sum of £166,000 by a townsman; and another, the Hospital Pourtales, is also an extensive establishment, and open to all persons without respect of country. It has, also, an orphan asylum, a house of correction, some public granaries, several good hotels, &c. The extrait d'absinthe is produced here, and it has a considerable tratlic in the agricultural and manufactured produce of the canton. (Ebel, &c.) NEUCHATEL (LAKE OF), otherwise called the lake of Yverdun (Germ. Neuenburger See), a lake of Switzerland, in the W. part of the confederacy, between the cantons Neuchatel, Vaud, Freyberg, and Bern. It is of an elongated Neuchatel recognizes the sovereignty of the king of Prus- shape; length N.E. to S.W. 24 m. : average breadth nearly sia, and pays him an annual tribute of 70,000 Neuchatel 4 m.; area probably 90 sq. m. The elevation of its surface francs, or nearly £4000. All the administrative function- above the sea is estimated at 1320 feet; its greatest depth is aries are nominated by the king, without a veto on the part 400 feet. Several considerable rivers empty themselves inte of the legislature. The representative body (audiences this lake, which also receives the surplus waters of the lake générales) consists of the 10 oldest members of the govern- of Morat. Its own surplus waters are conveyed by the or's council of state; of 14 members not councillors, chosen Thiele to the lake of Bienne; and thence to the Aar and for life by the king from lists presented by the inhabitants the Rhine. Neuchatel, Granson, Yverdun, Estavayer, and of the canton; of the head magistrates of the canton, whose Condretin, are on its banks. Its scenery is agreeable, but number must not exceed 24; and of 30 deputies each at tame in comparison with that of most other Swiss lakes. least 25 years of age, elected by all the male inhabitants of Its navigation is sometimes dangerous, from its being submore than 22 years, being neither condemned criminals,ject to sudden gusts of wind. A steamer, however, plies on bankrupts, nor receiving pecuniary relief. This body is it daily from Neuchatel to Yverdun. (Picot's Suisse, convoked and prorogued at the command of the governor, Murray's Handbook for Switzerland.) but it must assemble once in two years. No law can be passed, changed, or abrogated, without the consent of the audiences generales; but no resolution of the latter becomes law till it have received the sanction of the king. The budgets are voted by the audiences générales, on whose account the imposts are received, through agents nominated by the king. No custom-houses exist in any part of the canton; and the turnpike dues are much lower than in anost of the other Swiss cantons. There is no impediment to the free exercise of any profession, no poll-tax or other direct contribution, duty on raw materials, impost on carriage or communication, or taxes on food or drink, direct or indirect. There are neither stamps nor patents; and the complete absence of all restrictions, and of almost all taxation, is a primary cause of the cheapness of most articles, and the general prosperity of the canton. There are few districts of Europe where so large a proportion of the inhabitants are interested in savings' banks. In 1834, 1 in 18 of the population was a depositor. Paupers are provided for by the communes to which they belong; no general tax can be established for their support. The number of illegitimate children is about 24 per cent. NEUILLY, a village of France, dep. Seine, cap. canton, on the Seine, here crossed by a handsome stone bridge, on the road from Paris to St. Germains, 14 m. W.N.W. the Barrier de l'Etoile. Pop., in 1836, ex. com., 3753. The bridge of Neuilly, regarded as a chef-d'œuvre of the architect Peronnet, has an entire length of 800 feet (the span across the river being 710 feet), with five arches, each nearly 198 feet in breadth, and 32 feet in height. The château de Neuilly, built in the time of Louis XV., is a favourite summer residence of Louis Philippe, king of the French. The village has manufactures of earthenware and chemical products, and distilleries of ratifia, &c. (Hugo, art. Seine.) NEUSATZ (Hungar. Uj-Videk), a royal free town of Hungary, co. Bacs, on the Danube, opposite Peterwardein, with which it is connected by a bridge of boats, 46 m. N.W. Belgrade. Pop. 20.231. (Berghaus.) It consists of long straggling streets, but, being of modern origin, some of them are tolerably well built, and they are generally paved. The Greeks have five churches, the Roman Catholics one church, and the Arminians one; it has also a synagogue, a gymnasium, a Roman Catholic high school, Jewish school, &c. Neusatz is a place of considerable traffic, particularly with Turkey, for which it is chiefly indebted to its position on the Danube, near the influx of its three largest tributaries, the Theiss, Drave, and Save. Its numerous shops are said to be full of "grocery, and clothes, ironmongery, tin-ware, earthenware, wooden bowls, dishes, and trenchers, all of very rude fashion, and jewellery of an ordinary description." (Quin's Voyage down the Danube.) Neusatz is the resi dence of the Greek bishop of Bacs, and of a protopapas. There are remains of a Roman wall stretching from Neusatz to Csurog on the Theiss, 19 m. N.N.E. (Oesterr., Net. Encyc.; Berghaus, &c.) NEUSE, river, N. C., rises in Person and Orange counties, and enters a large æstuary connected with Pamlico sound. It is about 400 in. long, is navigable for sea vessels 12 m. above Newbern, and for boats upwards of 200 miles. Much of the land on its borders is fertile, but is liable to inundation. The administration of justice is both prompt and economical. There are 21 courts of primary jurisdiction; and two of appeal, at Neuchatel and Vallangin. The laws are, in many respects, similar to those formerly prevalent in Burgundy. The inhabitants speak a French dialect; they are Protestants, except about 3000 individuals under the authority of the bishop of Lausanne. Public instruction is pretty generally diffused, few individuals being ignorant of writing and arithmetic. There are colleges in Neuchatel, the capital, and Chaux de Fond; and schools of watchmaking and other arts in those towns and Le Locle. Many societies for instruction, and benevolent purposes, exist. The militia comprises all males between the ages of 18 and 50. Neuchatel furnishes a battalion of light infantry to the Prussian service, and a contingent to the Swiss confederacy. The public revenues, derived from rents, a small tithe or land tax, posts, turnpikes, salt and auction duties, &c., amounted, in 1834, to 302,311 francs, and the expendi- NEUSOHL, a royal free town of Hungary, beyond the ture in the same year to 238,153 francs, of which 14,517 Danube, cap. co. of its own name, on the Gran, at the influx francs formed the contribution to the Swiss confederacy. of the Bistricza, 80 m. N. Pesth. Pop. 5214, nearly half Neuchatel belonged, in the 11th century, to the German being Protestants. "Neüsohl has wide streets, and is a toler emperors; and was ceded to Burgundy by Rodolph of Haps- ably well built country town, rather imposing in its appearburg. In 1406 the town of Neuchatel entered into a treaty ance, because all the houses appear to be in the Italian with Bern, and soon after allied itself to the Swiss confed- style, with flat roofs, though probably it is only a high paraeracy. In 1707, the last direct inheritor of this territory pet carried up to hide the roof." (Paget, i., 355.) In the dying, the states chose the king of Prussia for their sove-parish church (a Gothic structure), is a bell weighing 100 reign. Napoleon created Neuchatel into a principality, which he conferred on Marshal Berthier; but in 1814 it reverted to Prussia, being constituted, however, at the same time, the 21st among the Swiss cantons. (Ebel; Manuel de la Suisse; Picot, Statistique; Lutz, Geogr., &c.; Bowring's Rep. on Switzerland; Helvetic Almanack, &c.) NEUCHATEL (Germ. Neuenburg), a town of Switzerland, cap. of the above canton, on the N.W. shore of the lake of 436 centners. Neusohl has an old castle, a hospital, several superior schools, &c., and is the residence of a bishop, the seat of a mining council and tribunal. Near it are the mines of Herrengrund, producing 1500 cwts. of copper a year, and some silver; and in the town is the largest smelting-house in Hungary. Neüsohl has also manufactures of sword-blades, and beet-root sugar. (Oesterr., Nat. Encyc.; Paget's Hungary, &c.) NEUTRA. NEUTRA, or NEITRA, an episcopal town of Hungary, cap. co., on the Neutra, in a finely-wooded country, 45 m. E.N.E. Presburg. Pop. 4563. It has a castle, a county hall, a cathedral and bishop's palace, a lyceum, and several high schools; and carries on a considerable traffic in the wine grown in its vicinity. NEWARK. the Leeward group; in about lat. 170 10', long. 62° 33′ W., separated by a strait 2 m. in breadth, from the S.E. extremity of St. Christopher's. Shape circular; greatest length, N.E. to S.W., 64 m.; extreme breadth, about the same. Pop. 11,500. It consists of a conical hill, rising from the marl, not readily absorbent of moisture: the climate is simisea to a height of 2500 feet. Soil mostly a strong tenacious and, in general, fertile. The inhabitants are nearly all occupied in the raising of the sugar-cane and provisions, and lar to that of St. Kitt's and Tortola. It is well watered, in the preparation of rum and sugar. In 1839, 36,466 cwts. imported from Nevis into Great Britain. The total value of the exports amounted, during the same year, to £12,203; sugar, 39,252 gallons rum, and 3501 cwts. molasses, were that of the imports to £27,183. It is divided into five parishes; Charlestown, the capital, is at its S.W. extremity. This colony is placed under a governor and council, and assembly. It has nine public schools, in which about 400 children are educated. The portion of the compensation for the number of slaves by the last registration having been 8722, and the average value of a slave, from 1822 to 1830, by the English in 1628. (Parl. Papers, &c.) £39 48. Columbus discovered Nevis; which was settled NEUWIED, a town of Rhenish Prussia, circle Neuwied, of which, and of a mediatized principality, it is the cap., on the Rhine, 7 m. N.N.W. Coblentz. Pop., in 1837, 5708. It was founded early in the last century by a count of Wied, on the broad principle of perfect toleration for all sects; in consequence of which a neat and flourishing town soon sprung up. It is laid out in squares of houses, formed by nine streets intersecting each other at right angles. At its W. extremity, overlooking the Rhine, is a castle, the residence of the princes of Wied: the town has, also, several churches, and other places of worship, a gymnasium, teacher's seminary, hospital, orphan asylum, house of industry, a prosperous Moravian establishment, &e. tures are of silk, cotton and linen fabrics, and yarn, stock-slaves paid to the proprietors of Nevis, amounted to £151,007; Its manufacings, iron goods, tobacco pipes, Prussian blue, chicory, pot ash, and soap: it is the seat of the judicial court for the principality, the circle court, and a mining tribunal. The museums of natural history in the castle and in the Moravian establishment, are worth notice: but the principal objeet of interest at Neuwied is its collection of antiquities: these were found in the buried Roman city of Victoria, about 2 m. N. the town, supposed to have been destroyed by the Germans towards the end of the 4th century. scription of this collection may be found in Schreiber, Guide (A full dedu Rhin, 290-293; Berghaus; Von Zedlitz, Dar Preussiche Staat, &c.) NEVERS (an. Noviodunum, and Nivernum), a city of France, dep. Nièvre, of which it is the cap.; on the Loire, where it is joined by the Nièvre, and a little above the influx of the Allier: 133 m. S.S.E. Paris; lat. 46° 59′ 17" N., long. 3° 9' 31" E. Pop., in 1836, ex. commune, 13,275. It is agreeably situated on the declivity of a hill facing the S., but is in general ill built and ill laid-out, its streets being narrow, steep, and crooked, and its houses old and gloomy. In its centre, however, is a large and regularly constructed square, on one side of which is the ancient residence of the dukes of Nivernais. Some of the entrances to Nevers are imposing: that from Bourges is ornamented with a triumphal arch, and on the road from Moulins the Loire is crossed by a solid stone bridge of 20 arches. The quays on the river are bordered with good houses, and look clean. The cathedral, on the site of a very ancient church, is an edifice principally constructed between the 12th and 16th centuries. It is large, and has a lofty square tower; in its choir is some fine stained glass. Several other churches, as well as the cathedral, are curious specimens of Gothic architecture. The other public buildings are mostly in a simple but appropriate style: the principal are the barracks, arsenal, prefecture, and public library with 8500 volumes. The park, formerly belonging to the dukes of Nivernais, has now become one of the many public promenades surrounding Nevers. The city preserves but a few remains of its ancient fortifications. It is the see of a bishop, whose diocese extends over the dep. Nièvre; and is the seat of tribunals of primary jurisdiction and commerce, of a chamber of manufactures, a communal college, &c. It has several hospitals, a handsome little theatre, two episcopal seminaries, schools of drawing, geometry, &c., a free school of arts, a commission d'antiquité, and many other scientific establishments. It is also distinguished by its manufacturing industry. It has a royal cannon foundry, in which from 200 to 250 cannons, weighing in all about 550,000 kilogrs., are cast annually, besides 50,000 kilogr. weight of other kinds of artillery. (Hugo.) It also produces chain cables, iron works for suspension bridges, and other heavy iron goods. Nevers has been for many centuries famous for its china-ware, which, for durability and solidity, is said to be the best made in France; it is sent in large quantities to Paris, and throughout the country watered by the Loire and its tributaries. This manufacture employs about 700 workmen, whose wages are said to average 1 fr. 75 c. a day. Glass wares, metal buttons, coarse woollen cloths, violin strings, vinegar, glue, brandy, and leather are among the other principal manufactures. It has also a considerable trade in timber for ship-building, charcoal, iron and steel, wine, salt, &c., being the great entrepôt for the upper Loire. Its trade is facilitated by a commodious haven at the mouth of the Nièvre. It has nine annual fairs, one of which lasts eight days. This town existed at the conquest of Gaul by Cæsar; it became a bishopric in 506, and the capital of Nivernais; in 855 it was burned by Hugh Capet; and in the middle ages suffered sverely from plague, the inundations of the Loire, the invasions of the English, and religious wars. (Hugo, art. Nierre; Dict Geog.) NEVIS one of the British W. India islands, belonging to m. S. by E. Indianapolis, 600 W. Situated on the N. bank of the Ohio, 2 m. below the foot of the falls at Louisville, NEW ALBANY, a city, and capital of Floyd co., Ia., 121 where the river descends 32 ft. in the course of a mile. It is place in the state. It contains a courthouse, jail, nine 358 m. above the mouth of the Ohio, and is the largest churches, two Presbyterian, an Episcopal, two Methodist, nary, a lyceum, a theological college, four schools, 40 or 50 two Baptist, a Campbellite Baptist, and a Roman Catholic, a bank, an insurance company, a male and a female semimill, one hemp and bagging factory, and 4226 inhabitants. stores of different kinds, an iron foundry and steam engine It is regularly laid out with six streets, running parallel with factory, a rope-walk, one steam grist-mill, one steam sawthe river, crossed at right angles by 11 other streets. The streets are from 70 to 80 or 100 feet wide. From 10 to 15 schooners, to be sold at New-Orleans, and there are several steamboats are built here annually, besides sloops and 50 m., designed to be continued to St. Louis, Mo. The town, extensive ship yards. A Macadamized road is finished for exclusive of the city, has 1308 inhabitants. NEW ALBION, p. t., Cattaraugus co., N.Y., 307 m. W. branches of Conewango creek. grist-mill, four saw-mills; six schools, 354 scholars. Popuby S. Albany, 347 W. Drained by Cattaraugus creek, and It has one store, one lation, 1016. NEWARK, a parl. and mun. bor., market town, and par. of England, co. Nottingham, S. div. wap. of its own name, bridge of seven arches, 16 m. N.E. Nottingham, and 110 m. on a lateral stream of the Trent, crossed here by a handsome in 1831, 9537. The approach to Newark from the N. is by N. by W. London. Area of parl. bor. 2000 acres. Pop., Trent and the Newark branch; and under it are numerous a long causeway carried over a flat island formed by the bridges, to give free passage to the waters during the floods. The town, consisting of a principal street on the Nottingham and Lincoln road, crossed by several others, and having a large market-place near its centre, is on the whole well built, paved, lighted with gas, and abundantly supplied with esting, though now in ruins, is the castle near the bridge, water. Among the public buildings, one of the most intercalled the New Work, from the circumstance of its having been re-edified by Stephen. It comprises a square of large had five stories: the interior area is used as a bowling dimensions, with two massive towers, and seems to have John died in this castle, 18th October, 1216. The towngreen, but several of the lower rooms are still entire. King hall, in the market-place, a handsome building of stone, erected in 1776, comprises several large apartments for the corporate business, assemblies, balls, &c. courthouse for the quarter sessions, with a small jail, which, however, is "wholly inadequate and unfit for its It has also a purpose." (Pris. Inspect., 5th Rep.) The church, said by Mr. Rickman to be one of the largest and finest in England, ture, with large aisles, transepts, and chapels, having at its was built in the reign of Henry VI.; it is a cruciform structremely light steeple, 249 feet in height, round which are W. end a highly ornamented tower, surmounted by an exthe windows have stained glass, representing the history niches containing statues of the twelve apostles. Some of church by a screen of rich oak-carving, and in the interior of Jesus Christ; the choir is separated from the rest of the pair by the produce of estates belonging to the borough, so are several curious monuments. The fabric is kept in rethat there is no necessity for a church-rate. The living is a vicarage in crown patronage. It has also four places of worship for dissenters, with various Sunday schools, attended by about 100 children. The grammar school was 437 NEWARK. founded in 1529; its endowment, at the time of the Char. Comm. Inquiry, amounted to £2380 a year, and in consequence of a suit in Chancery, the corporation, its trustees, have founded two exhibitions of £80 a year each, tenable for four years at Oxford or Cambridge. The master has a salary of £220 a year with a good house, and £60 a year are paid to an usher; the school is attended by about 40 boys. Two national schools furnish instruction to about 250 children of both sexes, and there are two or three smaller schools wholly or in part supported by subscription. The estates held in trust by the borough for charitable purposes, independently of that above mentioned, are very extensive; and there are several almshouses, a workhouse, and dispensary. A library and small theatre are the only other public establishments. Newark carries on a considerable trade in malt and corn, and in coal, cattle, and wool. It has also two large brass and iron foundries: bricks and tiles are made here, and large quantities of gypsum and limestone, quarried and prepared in the neighbourhood, are sent by sea to London. Here are two pretty extensive linen manufactories, and two private banks, besides a savings' bank and a branch of the Nottingham banking company. The arm of the Trent on which Newark stands is made navigable by means of a lock close to the town. Newark was divided by the Municipal Reform Act into three wards; the corporation comprising a mayor and five other aldermen, with 18 councillors. It has, also, a commission of the peace under a recorder, with a court of requests for the recovery of debts under £5. Corporation revenue in 1839, £1259. The quarter sessions for the S.E. division of the county are held here. Newark has sent two members to the House of Commons since the 29th Charles II., the right of election down to the Reform Act being in the mayor, aldermen, and inhabitants paying scot and lot. The electoral limits were not changed by the Boundary Act; registered electors in 1839-40, 1130. Newark is also the election town for the S.E. division of the county. Large markets, especially for corn, on Wednesday; fairs, Friday in Mid-lent, May 14, August 2, November 1, and Monday before December 11. NEW ATHENS a large and fine building for a depôt, which is an ornament There are 17 churches: five Presbyterian, one Episcopal, According to the census of 1840, there were, in the city, two commercial and two commission houses in foreign trade, with a capital of $15,000; 114 retail drygoods and other stores, capital $321,250; six lumber yards, capital $38,000; 55 men employed in internal transportation, with two butchers and packers, used a capital of 960,000; 50 men produced 12,000 gallons of spermaceti oil, and 80,000 amount of $4000, with a capital of $60,000; 16 persons progallons of whale and other fish oil, and whalebone to the duced machinery to the amount of $7000; 36 persons produced hardware and cutlery to the amount of $30,000; 102 persons manufactured the precious metals to the amount of $154,302; 15 persons manufactured various metals to the amount of $33,000; seven persons manufactured tobacco to the amount of $3000, with a capital of $1250; hats and caps were manufactured to the amount of $476,648, and straw bonnets to the amount of $463, the whole employing 383 persons, and a capital of $121,350; one tannery, employing 425 persons, produced 2000 sides of upper leather, with a capital of $4000; 32 other manufactories of leather, as sadlery, harness, boots and shoes, &c., produced to the amount of $706,246, with a capital of $285,951; 10 persons produced 215,000 pounds of soap, and 115,000 pounds of tallow candles, with a capital of $15,000; two breweries employed 78 men, and produced 54,000 gallons of beer, with a capital of $13,000; four persons produced turpentine and varnish to the amount of $39,000, with a capital of 35,000; one glass-house employed three persons, produced to the amount of $5000, with a capital of $8000; two potteries employed eight persons, produced to the amount of $6500, with a capital of $2900; 483 persons produced carriages and wagons to the amount of $604,900, with a capital of $218,700; vessels were built to the amount of $6000; six persons manufactured furniture to the amount of $6000, with NEWARK, t., Tioga co., N.Y., 8 m. N. Owego, 161 W.S.W. a capital of $4000; five printing-offices, two binderies, one Albany. Drained by East and West Owego creeks. It daily and three weekly newspapers, and three periodihas five stores, one fulling-mill, five grist-mills, 20 sawmills, three tanneries; 511 scholars in schools. Popula-cals, employed 42 persons, and a capital of 32,300; five brick and 15 wooden houses built, employed 71 persons, tion, 1616. In addition to the and cost $44,175. The total amount of capital employed in manufactures was $1,511,339. above, there has been recently established an extensive manufactory of fine cutlery, said to equal that of the best imported. For its extent, Newark is a great manufacturing place. Newark, which takes its name from the castle, became a place of considerable importance soon after the Norman conquest; but its principal celebrity is owing to the fact of its having been one of the chief garrisons of the royalists during the civil wars of Charles I. It was besieged by the parliamentary forces in 1643; but both the town and castle were held by the royal army till 11th May, 1646, when it was surrendered to the Scotch by command of the king, who was then a prisoner. The castle was at the same time demolished by order of parliament. (Parl. Rep.; Char. Comm. Rep., &c.) NEWARK, city, port of entry, and capital of Essex co., N.J., 9 m. W. New-York, 49 N.E. Trenton, 215 W. It is in 44° 45′ N. lat., and 74° 10′ W. long., and 20 49′ W. long. from W. Situated on the W. side of Passaic river, between four and five miles, by the course of the river, from its entrance into Newark bay. It stands on a plain of fertile loam, resting on old red sand-stone, with a rising ground on the W. It is the most populous and flourishing place in the state. The population in 1830 was 10,950; in 1840, 17,290. Of these 237 were employed in agriculture, 206 in commerce, 2424 in manufactures and trades, 12 in navigating the ocean, 47 do. rivers and canals, 101 in the learned professions. It had six academies, 319 students; 30 schools, 1955 scholars. The Passaic river is navigable to this place for vessels of 100 tons burden. There is a communication twice a day, through a large part of the year, by steamboat, to the city of New-York, and several times a day by railroad. The Morris canal passes through it. The city is regularly laid out with broad and straight This town was settled in 1666, by a company from Guilford, Branford, Milford, and New-Haven, Conn. It is therefore eminently New-England and puritanic in its origin. They purchased the territory, including several neighbouring towns, of the Indians, for £130 New-England currency, 19 Indian blankets, and 12 guns. They formed a government and administered it, often disputing the claims of the pro prietaries, by holding to an original and superior right, derived from purchase from the natives. Robert Treat, Esq. afterwards governor of Connecticut, was chosen the first recorder, or town clerk. NEWARK, p. t., Licking co., O. It contains Newark v., the capital of the co., 39 m. E.N.E. Columbus, 366 W. The The village is situated at the confluence of the three prin cipal branches of Licking river, and on the Ohio canal, which passes along one of its principal streets. It is regu larly laid out with streets from six to eight rods wide, crossing each other at right angles, with a large public square in the centre, on which stands an elegant brick courthouse. It has a jail, several churches, a market house, two acade mies, 15 stores, several large warehouses, two printingoffices, 10 schools, 670 scholars, 350 dwellings, and 2705 inhabitants. The town, exclusive of the village, has two schools, 298 scholars. Pop. 1433. It contains some interesting ancient mounds. NEW-ATHENS, p. v., Athens t., Harrison co., 0., 115 m. E. by N. Columbus, 291 W. It contains four stores and It is the seat of Franklin college, founded 300 inhabitants. in 1825, which has a president and six professors or other NEW-BALTIMORE. instructors, 84 alumni, 51 students, and 1900 volumes in its libraries. The commencement is on the last Wednesday in September. NEW-BALTIMORE, p. t., Greene co., N.Y., 15 m. S. Albany, 354 W. Bounded E. by Hudson river. Drained by Dieppe and other creeks flowing into Hudson river. It contains five churches: a Dutch Reformed, Episcopal, Methodist, Baptist, and Christian, seven stores, one fulling-mill, one flouring-mill, three grist-mills, seven saw-mills, one papermill, three tanneries; 16 schools, 637 scholars. Pop. 2306. NEW-BARBADOES, t., Bergen co., N.J. Watered by Hackensack r. It contains Hackensack v., the capital of the county, and has seven stores, six grist-mills, four sawmills; one academy, 25 students; six schools, 218 scholars. Pop. 2104. NEW-BRUNSWICK, NEW-BLOOMFIELD, p. b., Juniata t., capital of Perry co., Pa., 34 m. W. by N. Harrisburg, 126 W. It contains a brick courthouse and county offices, a stone jail, two churches, a Presbyterian and Methodist, five stores, a printing-office issuing a weekly newspaper, about 60 dwellings, and 400 inhabitants. The borough was incorporated in 1831. NEW-BOSTON. p. t., Hillsborough co., N.H., 22 m. S. by W. Concord, 467 W. Watered by the S. branch of Piscataquog river. Incorporated in 1763. It contains three churches, a Presbyterian, Baptist and Universalist, three stores, one fulling-mill, four grist-mills, 19 saw-mills, three tanneries; 18 schools, 558 scholars. Pop. 1569. NEW-BRAINTREE, p. t., Worcester co., Mass., 66 m. W. Boston, 399 W. Bounded N.W. by Ware river. It contains one store, one grist-mill, two saw-mills; 7 schools, 233 scholars. Pop. 752. NEW-BRIGHTON, v., Castleton t., Richmond co., N.Y. Beautifully situated on the N. shore of Staten Island, fronting N. York city, from which it is six miles distant, connected by a steam ferry. It contains a young ladies' seminary, and a number of beautiful dwellings, on ground which rises abruptly from the water; and near the store, two large and elegant hotels, much resorted to in the summer season. The Sailor's Snug-harbour is one mile W. NEW-BEDFORD, p. t., port of entry, and semi-capital of Bristol co., Mass., 26 m. S.E. Taunton, 58 S. Boston, 434 W. It is in 41° 38′ 7′′ N. lat., and 70° 55′ 49′′ W. long. Pop. in 1820, 3947; 1830, 7592; 1840, 12,087. Situated on the W. side of an arm of the sea which sets up from Buzzard's bay. The ground rises rapidly from the water, and presents a fine appearance when approached by water, or from the E. It contains many splendid dwellings, in commanding situations. A wooden bridge and causeway, three fourths of a mile long, which cost $30,000, connects it with Fairhaven. It contains a courthouse, jail, four banks, with an aggre- NEW-BRIGHTON, b., Beaver co., Pa. Situated on the E. gate capital of $1,300,000, three insurance offices, total capi- bank of Beaver river, 3 m. from its mouth. It contains six tal $350,000; a savings institution, with an invested amount churches: a Methodist, Presbyterian, Associate Reformed, of $220,000; 14 churches: a Baptist, two Congregational, an Unionist, and two Friends; a female seminary, the New Episcopal, two Christian, two Methodist, a Friends, a Uni- Brighton Institute, six stores, one furnace, two fullingtarian, a Universalist, a Bethel, and an African. The har-mills, two woollen factories, two flouring-mills, two sawbour is spacious and safe, though not easy of access. It mills, one printing-office, and one weekly newspaper; two has from three to four fathoms of water. The business of academies, 85 students; three schools, 92 scholars. Pop. the place is chiefly devoted to the whale fishery. The 981. A bridge crosses Beaver river at each end of the tonnage of the port, in 1840, was 89,089, being the second village. It is regularly laid out, with broad streets crossing district in the state, in this respect. It contained, in 1840, each other at right angles, and has a number of beautiful 374 stores, capital $482,350; six lumber-yards, capital, residences. $34,800; capital employed in the fisheries, $4,512,000, salt produced, 13,100 bushels; four grist-mills, two saw-mills, one rope-walk, one paper-mill, three tanneries, three printingoffices, one bindery, two daily and two weekly newspapers; two academies, 118 students; 53 schools, 3455 scholars. A railroad, 24 m. long, connects this place with Taunton. NEW-BERLIN, p. t., Chenango co., N.Y., 8 m. N.E. Norwich, 88 W. Albany, 347 W. Drained by Unadilla r. It contains seven churches: a Presbyterian, two Methodist, two Baptist, an Episcopal, and a Universalist; 13 stores, one fulling mill, one cotton factory with 4400 spindles, five grist-mills, 11 saw-mills, one paper-mill, four tanneries, one printing-office, one bindery, one weekly newspaper; 23 schools, 765 scholars. Pop. 3086. NEWBERN, p. v., port of entry, and capital of Craven Co., N.C., 120 m. E.S.E. Raleigh, 100 N.N.E. Wilmington, 348 W. Situated on the S.W. bank of Neuse river, at the junction of Trent river. Pop., in 1830, 3776; in 1840, 3690; It was formerly the capital of the state. The Neuse river is here a mile and a half wide, and the Trent three fourths of a mile wide. It is favourably situated, and more healthy than most places in the state so near the seaboard. It contains a courthouse, jail, a theatre, a masonic hall, two banks, three churches, an Episcopal, Methodist, and Baptist. It is pleasantly situated and handsomely built, mostly of brick. It has considerable commerce, and exports grain, pork, lumber, and naval stores. A steamboat plies to Elizabeth city, and forms a part of the line from Norfolk to Charleston. It had, in 1840, 53 stores, capital $379,410; one flouring-mill, three grist-mills, five saw-mills, two tanneries; exported 83,000 barrels of tar, pitch or turpentine; had one printing-office, one weekly newspaper; four academies, 151 students; three schools, 92 scholars. NEW-BRITAIN, p. v., Berlin t., Hartford co., Conn., 10 m. S.W. Hartford, 326 W. It contains three churches, a Congregational, Methodist, and Baptist, 45 factories, chiefly of brass, employing 700 persons, and a capital of $650,000; and about 1500 inhabitants. NEW-BRITAIN, p. t., Bucks co., Pa., 25 m. N.W. Philadelphia, 96 E. Harrisburg, 165 W. Drained by branches of Neshaming creek, which afford water-power. It contains 30 stores, five grist-mills, five saw-mills, one oil-mill; two schools, 48 scholars. Pop. 1304. cur. NEW-BRUNSWICK, a tract of country in British N. America, on the W. side of the gulf of St. Lawrence, between lat. 45° 5' and 480 5' N., and long. 630 47 and 670 53′ W., bounded S. by Nova Scotia and the bay of Fundy, N. by Lower Canada, and W. by the state of Maine in the U. States. Extreme length, from N. to S., 180 m.: average breadth, 150 m.: estimated area, 25,931 sq. m. Pop., in 1834, 119,557. This colony, which is divided into 11 counties, has a much less indented coast-line than Canada or Nova Scotia: the surface, however, is broken and undulating, though not mountainous, and considerable rivers intersect it in all directions, the largest being ST. JOHN's (which see), Miramichi, and Ristigouche. The principal gulfs are the bay of Chaleur and Miramichi, on its E. coast, and that of Passamaquody on the S., into which runs the river St. Croix, which divides the province from Maine, in the U. States. Its geology is very little known; but limestone seems to be the prevailing feature, though clay-slate, grauwacke, and even the primitive formations occasionally ocCoal is abundant, and is wrought, near the Grand lake, by a joint-stock company. Iron and gypsum occur also in considerable quantities. Dense forests cover, by far, the greater part of the surface, and though the soil is generally rich and fertile, except in a few swampy tracts, only one-sixteenth of the whole province has been surveyed and laid open for settlers. The cutting down, and exportation of the fine timber, with which these forests abound, has, however, been extensively pursued for some years, and the quantity of cleared land is progressively increasing. The fauna and flora of the colony nearly resemble those of Nova Scotia, to which, indeed, it formerly belonged. The climate is very similar to that of Canada: winter lasts from November to April, when a sudden change takes place, and vegegation becomes extremely rapid. The temperature in the S. part is milder and more equable; but the prevalence of sea-fogs, on the shores of the bay of Fundy, render the cultivation of wheat near the coast very uncertain, though it does not seem to injure the health of the settlers. Indeed, the climate altogether is uncommonly healthy, and will bear to be compared with that of any part of England. RheumaNEWBERRY, t., York co., Pa., 12 m. N. of York. Bounded tism, consumption, and low typhus are the prevalent disE. by Susquehanna river, S. by Conewango creek. Wa-eases; but they are in a great measure brought on by extered by Fishing creek. It contains seven stores, six grist-posure to the damp, and the sudden changes of temperature. mills, five saw-mills, one oil-mill, two tanneries, seven dis- Agriculture, notwithstanding the rich tracts of alluvial soil tilleries, three potteries; 13 schools, 400 scholars. Pop. 1850. skirting the rivers, is considerably less advanced than in NEWBERRY, district, S.C., situated a little N.W. of the centre of the state, and contains 540 sq. m. Bounded N.E. by Broad river, S. by Saluda river. Watered by their branches. It contained, in 1840, 19,600 neat cattle, 7183 sheep, 35,666 swine; and produced 57,350 bushels of wheat, 708 of rye, 635,634 of Indian corn, 1129 of barley, 73,185 of oats, 33,460 of potatoes, 3,105, 107 pounds of cotton. It had 34 stores, 15 flouring-mills, 18 grist-mills, 18 saw-mills, four tanneries, three distilleries; three academies, 134 students; 29 schools, 757 scholars. Pop.: whites, 8208; slaves, 9904; free coloured, 238: total, 18,350. Capital, Newberry. NEWBERRY, C.H., p. v., capital of Newberry district, S.C., 40 m. W.N.W. Columbia, 504 W. Situated on elevated ground, 3 m. E. of Bush river, and has a fine view of the surrounding country. It contains a handsome courthouse, a jail, two academies, a social library, and about 300 dwellings, some of them handsome. |