88. except it be, etc. The Latin translation has "except on occasion of political disturbances." Cf. "Politics often mingle with religious dissent, not that there exists any natural connection between them, but that statesmen are aware of the advantage to be derived from the attachment of a religious party to their interests." Lingard's History of England, vol. vii. ch. 2.

92. For, as regards. Cf. 1. 163.

96. To compound, cf. Essay xlix. 17.

102. stages, as we say 'the theatre' of a war.

108. Gallo-Græcia, Galatia. The invasion took place B.C. 278. The Gauls under Brennus took Rome about B.C. 390.

110. East and West are relative terms. A point East of one place is West of another. We cannot say therefore with any certainty of observation, i.e. precision, that the movement is from East to West, or West to East.

115. in respect of, cf. Essay xxvii. 43.

118. apparent, used in the proper sense of manifest. Cf. Essay xl. 10.

120. courages, cf. Essay xxix. 251.

121. warmest, The Latin translation adds, "As is clear in the case of the Araucians, who being situated furthest south far surpass in bravery all the Peruvians."

123. For great empires, etc. Cf. his Essay of The True Greatness of Britain, "Persia at a time was strengthened with large territory, and at another time weakened; and so was Rome. For while they nourished in arms, the largeness of territory was a strength to them, and added forces, added treasure, added reputation but when they decayed in arms, their greatness became a burden. For their protecting forces did corrupt, supplant, and enervate the natural and proper forces of all their provinces, which relied and depended upon the succour and direction of the state above. And when that waxed impotent and slothful, then the whole state laboured with her own magnitude, and in the end fell with her own weight. And that no question was the reason of the strange inundations of people which both from the East and North-West overwhelmed the Roman Empire in one age of the world, which a man upon the sudden would attribute to some constellation or fatal revolution of time, being indeed nothing else but the declination of the Roman Empire, which having effeminated and made vile the natural strength of the provinces, and not being able to supply it by the strength imperial and sovereign, did as a lure cast abroad, invite and entice all the nations adjacent, to make their fortunes upon her decays. And by the same reason there cannot but ensue a dissolution to the state of the Turk."

T

127. a prey, The Latin translation adds "to other nations." 128. Almaigne, Germany.

129. every bird, etc. The Latin translation has "the individual birds claiming their own feathers again.”

130. were not unlike, etc., i.e. the same would probably happen to Spain.

132. over-power, excessive power.

139. go on to, continue to.

140. foreseeing, making provision for. Cf. Essay xv. 133. sustentation, sustenance.

of necessity, cf. Essay xiv. 25.

141. discharge upon, cf. Essay lv. 49.

145. they, notice the plural after the collective noun state. Cf. Essay xxxiii. 85.

148. encourageth a war, encourage others to attack them. 149. it, viz. the subject of changes in weapons.

150. returns, periods.

151. ordnance, The Latin translation has "gunpowder and

152. in India, The Latin translation adds "in the time of Alexander the Great." Mr. Wright says that Bacon's memory seems to have been at fault for this statement.

156. fetching, striking. Fetch is connected with faet, a journey. So to fetch afar off means properly to travel a long distance.

outruns the danger, The Latin translation has "anticipates the danger from the enemy."

159. ordnance, used in the plural as including different kinds of weapons.

ing ram.

arietations, Aries was the Latin term for a "batter

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160. the commodious use, i.e. that they be convenient for use. 163. rested upon, depended on. Cf. Essay xxix. 79.

164. they did put, etc. The Latin translation has " 'they trusted to the valour of the soldiers." We should omit the did. When two parts of a verb might be confused Bacon sometimes takes care to distinguish them. Thus he uses gotton, as 'got' might be confused with the past tense of 'get.'

165. pointing, cf. Essay xlv. 69.

166. upon an even match, on equal terms.

167 battles, bodies of troops. Cf. "They say that the king divided his army into three battles," and, "Neither had they

brought forward their main battle, which stood far away into the heath, near the ascent of the hill." Hist. Henry VII.

175. his, see note on Essay xix. 86.

178. reduced, The Latin translation has " 'more accurate." The word means "kept within limits," as opposed to luxuriant or "growing wild."

179. exhaust, exhausted. Cf. Essay viii. 36. With this passage, cf. Adv., bk. ii. 10. 13, "For as it hath been well observed that the arts which flourish while virtue is in growth are military; and while virtue is in state, are liberal; and while virtue is in declination, are voluptuary: so I doubt that this age of the world is somewhat upon the descent of the wheel." After the word "exhaust," the Latin translation adds, ". though garrulous as ever." Bacon is thinking of an age of critics and commentators, as opposed to an age of original production.

181. the philology, the accounts given of them, such for instance as the circumstantial account given of the rise and fall of the island of Atlantis in the Timaeus and the Critias of Plato.

LIX. A FRAGMENT OF AN ESSAY ON FAME.

1. Fame, rumour.

190.

For what follows see Virgil, Æn., iv. 175

With the whole passage cf. Essay xv. 11.

11. that which passeth, cf. Essay xv. 10 seqq. Passeth,

surpasses.

14. in an anger, in a fit of anger.

19. fly, i.e. attack. Cf. "As we use to hunt beast with beast, and fly bird with bird." Adv., bk. ii. 22. 6. For fowl, cf. Essay xlv. 34.

20. To speak, cf. Essay lviii. 70.

21. sad, sober. "Of this wisdom it seemeth some of the ancient Romans in the saddest and wisest times were professors." Adv., bk. 23. 5.

22. politics, writings on politics.

a place, a topic. Cf. Essay xxxii. 5.

25. discerned, cf. Essay xxxvi. 68.

28. that force as, such force that.

32. into Germany, Service was harder in Germany and the climate more inclement than in Syria. The story is told by Tacitus, Hist., ii. 80.

39. Livia, see note on Essay vi. 1. During the last illness of

Augustus “Livia surrounded the house and its approaches with a strict watch, and favourable bulletins were published from time to time, till, provision having been made for the demands of the crisis, one and the same report told them that Augustus was dead and that Tiberius Nero was master of the state." Tacitus, Ann., i. 5.

44. as their manner is, i.e. it is the custom of the soldiers to sack the cities when a Sultan dies.

45. Themistocles, This happened after the battle of Salamis in the year 480 B.C.

50. let all wise governors, cf. Essay xxxv. 84.

INDEX TO NOTES.