CHURCH OF ENGLAND TRAINING COLLEGE, CHELTENHAM. (With Engravings, Plates VI. and VII.) THE foundation stone of this building was laid by the Earl of Shaftesbury (then Lord Ashley) on April 19th, 1849. The site selected for its erection is on the north side of the town, on an ample space of ground adjoining Lady Ricketts' property (the Elms), and with a frontage to the Swindon-road, having been presented to the committee for that purpose by Miss Jane Cooke, a lady whose liberal grants to many of the public charities and benevolent institutions of that town, will cause her name to be long remembered by its inhabitants. The style adopted is that of the Domestic Middle Pointed of the 14th century, and the whole of the design modelled after the fine old examples of the collegiate buildings of the middle ages. On reference to the engravings, it will be seen that the plan is in the form of a quadrangle; and as the arrangements are expressly adapted for the requirements of the Institution, without the least regard to uniformity, the exterior presents an irregularity of outline, which combines a pleasing and picturesque effect with a truthfulness of the adaptation of every part. The plan is divided into six distinct divisions, appropriated as follows: 1st. A residence for the Principal, at the south-west angle of the building. 2nd. A complete residence for the Vice-Principal, at the southeast angle. 3rd. A residence for the Training Master, in the east front. 4th. The domestic offices of the College and servants' apartments, situated between the residences of the Vice-Principal and Training Master, and with immediate communication with the dining-hall. 5th. The Scholastic department, consisting of a large hall, and entrance under the tower from the north; class rooms; a spacious day-room, and lecture-room or theatre, with graduated seats; dining-hall, with great staircase to a range of dormitories over, having eighty detached sleeping apartments, and room for the assistant master. The dormitories consist of four large rooms, all communicating, in which are placed the separate bed-rooms for the students enclosed by partitions about 7 ft. 6 in. high (each compartment having its own separate window and door), and open above this to the collar of the roof, in which are placed large dormers to light and ventilate the dormitories; thus ensuring complete light and ventilation to the whole, and giving to the masters the means of quickly hearing any disturbance that may take place. The whole is also under the immediate supervision of the Training-Master and Principal, whose residences have each a door on the same floor opening into the dormitories. 6th. On the south side of the quadrangle is the entrance gateway, forming an approach to the board-room, secretary's room, and porter's residence, &c. on one side, with the waiting-room and large library on the other. The whole of these rooms have open timber roofs of stained deal. All these various divisions, though entirely distinct, are readily approached by a light and spacious corridor of communication, extending round the quadrangle, in the centre of which is a large open area, surrounded by a cloister and battlemented walls, screening the necessary yards and offices required by each department. The great staircase tower, forming a striking feature in the north front, is carried up an additional story for the purpose of forming an infirmary, with nurses'-rooms, bath-rooms, convalescent rooms, and dormitories, approached by a separate staircase, and having no other communication with the rest of the building. The external walls are constructed with rubble-work, of stone from a neighbouring quarry; the dressings are executed with a fine oolite from the Cotswold Hills. The internal fittings are all of the simplest character, of stained deal and varnished. The architect is S. W. Daukes, Esq., of Whitehall-place; and the builder, Mr. Thomas Haines. The contract for its completion amounted to 11,9827. THE LOUVRE AND THE TUILERIES.* THE advanced date of the grand design of the union of the Louvre and the Tuileries, has induced the Imperial government to reproduce the work of M. de Clarac on the two buildings, with some modifications by M. Victor Texier. Of these volumes the first alone is now before us, and we are therefore limited to considerations rather antiquarian than architectural. once were. The united edifice of the Louvre and Tuileries constitutes one of the grand architectural monuments of the world, and represents what the vast edifices of Luxor, of Thebes, and of Nineveh We have nothing of the like class, though the ambition of Barry may, before many years, furnish us with an architectural group, colossal in character, but acquiring greater dignity from the antiquity of some of its members, and from the rich historical associations attaching to it. When the Palace of Westminster is provided with an approach of correspondent character by the new bridge over the Thames, and when it is associated or perhaps united with the Abbey and its appendages, we shall be endowed with a monument unique as that of Paris is. The antiquity of the Louvre, as an occupied site, does not go beyond the beginning of the 13th century, or the reign of Philip Augustus; but of the medieval structure nothing remains, and its oldest relics are of the Renaissance. These buildings have, however, been the abode of some of the most powerful monarchs of Europe-of Henry the Fourth, of Louis the Fourteenth, and of Napoleon the Great, and the scene of many important and historical events. As the abode of the arts they are, however, still more distinguished than as the abode of princes; they contain one of the finest galleries of antiquities, and invaluable collections of the gems of modern art. Here, too, the yearly exhibitions are held of the works of living French artists. Thus the name of the Louvre is that of a temple of art, and this is united with the sumptuous halls of magnificent kings to constitute one edifice, as in Egypt the palace and the temple were similarly brought into combination. At Westminster there is neither the same mass of structure nor the same treasure of arts, but on a site consecrated for twelve centuries remain the relics of ages enshrined and preserved in a framework of corresponding style, and illustrated by the mighty men and mighty deeds of olden and of newer days. Commencing with legends losing themselves in the mist of antiquity, with such fables as those of which St. Peter is made to play the hero, the history of Westminster swells in importance even as it embraces in its sphere the events of the passing hour. As distinct in its character from the Louvre as the Memnonium was from both, we here see united the palace, the temple, the shrine, the tomb-close together, the senate-house, the judgment-hall, the scene of execution. There saints have lived and been worshipped, there kings have dwelt, and there, too, kings been brought to judgment and to death; there the rulers of kingdoms and of provinces have come to judgment—the senate of a free people and a vast empire have deliberated on the destiny of the world; there the laws and jurisprudence by which two hundred millions of men are governed, have been matured during ages. In those halls the greatest orators of modern days have declaimed-and within reach of their voices repose in death the poets, the statesmen, the warriors, the kings, of twelve centuries. The artist looks on the Louvre with veneration, as a wondrous triumph of the resources of art; but the halls of Westminster are reverenced as a temple sacred to freedom by the most powerful race in the world, wherever its sons may be found-in Europe, in America, or in the still newer world of the Southern Seas. Its traditions govern the senates and courts of the many sovereign commonwealths of the United States, with the same power as they do at home, and its inspiration is sought by embryo communities scarcely emerged into civilisation. From Liberia, Mosquitia, Hawaii, Sarawak, or even from the household community of Pitcairn's Island or Bonin, the principles of organised government will be communicated to new regions and be a blessing to new generations. The Walhalla, which Lewis of Bavaria thought to found on the shores of the Danube, the Hall of Glory, has stood for centuries on the banks of the Thames. It is in these reflections we seek for comfort when we consider how, by the consolidation of architectural and artistic resources, * Description Historique et Graphique du Louvre et des Tuileries.' Par M. le COMTE DE CLARAC. Paris: à l'Imprimerie Impériale. 1853. ['Historical and Graphical Description of the Louvre and the Tuileries. By the COUNT DE CLARAC Paris: Printed at the Imperial Printing Office. 1853.] No. 239.-VOL. XVII.-FEBRUARY, 1854. 7 the kings of France have at length succeeded in bestowing on Paris one grand, crowning monument. The completion of this vast enterprise, vainly projected by Louis the Fourteenth and his successors, and but begun by the Emperor, will be a distinction to the reign of Louis Napoleon, whatever else may befall. This single undertaking would have been enough to entitle Paris to the palm in the career of architecture; but it is connected with such a gigantic scheme of street construction, as will renew the claim of Paris to the honour of being the most magnificent capital of Europe. The example of Paris had caused great improvements in London, Berlin, Munich, and Brussels, and many inferior cities of Europe and America were greatly enriched; and it may be after all that this new Paris may cause fresh exertions. There are the elements for this in London already. The Crystal Palace at Sydenham has stimulated a new class of enterprise, and the consequences of the abolition of the window duties are now beginning to produce fruits. What is done in Cannon-street is only an earnest, in comparison with Paris; it is only an infantile beginning, but it will be followed by worthier results. A larger class of street-house can be constructed, and not only are various edifices designed for purposes heretofore unthought of or impracticable, but plans are in progress for new thoroughfares and avenues of a more distinguished character. The isolated public buildings in progress or contemplation, although important, would not alone be sufficient to redeem the character of our street-architecture, but they will be accompanied in many cases by suitable approaches. Whereas, formerly, the ambition of architects was limited to isolated monuments, often inconsiderable, we have to notice as a characteristic of the present day long-continued or connected façades and avenues. Many causes have contributed to this; among others, greater attention to streetarchitecture; but the crowning influence has been the political necessity which has dictated to Louis Napoleon the widening of the streets of Paris as a military resource against popular insurrection. In London, the necessities of an unexampled population and a vastly increasing traffic are equally imperious, and the formation of a few junction lines and the completion of the projected routes will give a new character to the great thoroughfares. New Cannon-street will be connected with Blackfriars-bridge; Careystreet will in time unite Cheapside and the Long-acre line. Victoria-street, Clerkenwell, and Victoria-street, Pimlico, will be avenues to other improvements. Although Cannon-street has entailed a cost of 200,000l., yet, in other cases, first-class thoroughfares will be cut through inferior property of a low class for ground-sites, and affording, in the upper stories of the large houses or hotels, accommodation for the working-men and others at low rentals. Whatever may be done in our streets, nothing will give us a rival to the Louvre and Tuileries, to the formation of which the labour and genius of three centuries have contributed. Originally the Louvre and the Tuileries were separated by a small river and the wall of the City of Paris, and both had at one time been beyond the town bounds; one palace taking its name from a wolf-hunting station in the woods, and the other from some tilekilns and fields. Saint Louis seems to have been the first king who inhabited the Louvre, and in the reign of Charles V. it was brought within the fortifications of Paris. Francis the First began the reconstruction of the Louvre under the direction of Pierre Lescot, which was continued by his successors. In 1564, Catherine de Medicis built a chateau in the tile-fields beyond the fortifications: Philibert Delorme was the architect. Henry the Fourth, notwithstanding the intervention of the city wall, united the grounds of the Louvre and the Tuileries, and even connected the buildings by a gallery. In 1624, under Louis XIII., the reconstruction and extension of the Louvre was put under the charge of Lemercier. Louis XIV. employed the architect Levau to raise a new façade for the Louvre on the river side, and likewise an eastern wing. In 1664, the plan of Claude Perrault for the decoration of this wing by the colonnade was adopted. Wren, in his tour of continental study, availed himself of the opportunity of examining the designs of Perrault. Throughout the 18th century the works of the Louvre were prosecuted, but it was under Napoleon that the completion of the Louvre was chiefly effected, though the decorations were in progress much later. For the great plan of the union of the Louvre and Tuileries, a competition was opened from 1806 to 1810, and the designs of Messrs. Percier and Fontaine were adopted. They were put in charge of the works, and the second northern gallery of junction was commenced. These works, however, have been interrupted from time to time, until the desire of employing the population of Paris has led to their active resumption and approaching completion under new auspices. The volumes which describe these works, and which issue from the Imperial press, are the productions of the late Count de Clarac, a distinguished French archeologist. This gentleman was forced to emigrate at an early age, but managed to pursue his studies in Switzerland and Germany. Although compelled by the circumstances of his position to join the army of Condé, he neglected no opportunity of showing kindness to his political adversaries, and particularly to the wounded of the French armies. He afterwards served for a time in Poland. These military studies did not, however, cause him to neglect the cultivation of drawing, nor that of the ancient and modern languages; of the latter, he was acquainted with English, German, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and Polish, besides his mother tongue. He likewise gave some attention to chemistry, mineralogy, and zoology; studies which, nevertheless, proved to him of considerable value afterwards in his archæological pursuits, more particularly when he wished to ascertain the technical processes of the ancients, or to discriminate between the materials which they employed. On an amnesty being granted to the emigrés, Clarac returned to France, and continued his studies at Paris, devoting himself to Greek. His patrimony having been lost, he was obliged to have recourse to literary occupations. While attending the gratuitous public courses of ancient history and literature, at the Institute, he became acquainted with some of the more distinguished students and professors, which had an influence on his advancement, as he was recommended to Queen Caroline Murat to superintend the education of her children. To the student of limited means, no facilities for acquiring information are to be found here correspondent to those of Paris. The favourite, but false idea, that educational institutions are not valued unless they are paid for, stands completely in the way of the poor but zealous student. The pursuit of knowledge under difficulties may be well illustrated from the experience of England,-the indomitable application of genius, or the chapter of accidents alone opening a career to the aspirant. The man of inferior or mediocre powers, the man of the rank-and-file of science, is left to scramble on as he can. In Paris, Faraday would not have been abandoned to the chances of life for the opportunities of continuing his studies. There are schools where the greatest professors teach, and the poorest mechanic can enter. In London, the only gratuitous courses we have are those of Gresham College, which are a farce, and those of the Royal Academy, which are not accessible to the public. The schoolmasters' classes of University College are hedged-in with restrictions; and as to the Swiney course on Geology, that is under the regulations of an eccentric founder. The Hunterian, and some other medical lectures, we do not dwell upon, as they are limited to a special class. The superior wealth of the population in some degree remedies the defects, but the state of affairs is by no means creditable to the country. The establishment of cheap classes and schools amounts to little more than a confession and palliation of the evil, and it amounts chiefly to the schools of design, the school of practical geology, and the schools of navigation, few in number. The Royal Academy still bears away the palm, and its experience is sufficient to show that education may be zealously pursued without the degradation of a money payment. High art alone can be studied without expending a small capital on instruction fees; and assuredly the Royal Academy, the National and Vernon Galleries, the British Museum, the British Institution, and the other galleries, are not in want of students. With regard to mechanics' institutions and young men's classes, laudable as the motives of the founders are, they are inefficient substitutes for what is really required. We want evening colleges for gratuitous general and applied instruction. These we may wait long to obtain; but it is scandalous that, with the means we have, the higher branches of study are not better cared for in the metropolis of the world. The British Museum admits students to its Elgin and Townleian collections, and professes so to do to its other galleries; but why should it not, as has been often advocated, charge its officers with the task of giving occasional gratuitous lectures on the collections under their charge? There is one objection we are aware of to gratuitous lectures, and that is the inconvenient congregation of the public that would follow. With regard to the objection of the inroad that lecturing would |