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❝hereby as well publish and promise to all our subjects "remission and free pardon of all by-past offences "whatsoever, against our person or estate, in adhering "to our said enemy, by whom, we know well, they "have been misled, if they shall within time con"venient submit themselves unto us. And for such as "shall come with the foremost to assist our righteous " quarrel, we shall make them so far partakers of our princely favour and bounty, as shall be highly for the "comfort of them and theirs, both during their life " and after their death: as also we shall, by all means "which God shall put into our hands, demean our"selves to give royal contentment to all degrees and "estates of our people, maintaining the liberties of holy Church in their intire, preserving the honours, 66 privileges, and preeminences of our nobles, from " contempt or disparagement according to the dignity "of their blood. We shall also unyoke our people "from all heavy burdens and endurances, and confirm our cities, boroughs and towns, in their charters and "freedoms, with enlargement where itshall be deserved; "and in all points give our subjects cause to think, "that the blessed and debonair government of our "noble father King Edward, in his last times, is in us "revived.

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"And forasmuch as the putting to death, or taking "alive of our said mortal enemy, may be a mean to stay much effusion of blood, which otherwise may "ensue, if by compulsion or fair promises he shall "draw after him any number of our subjects to resist "us, which we desire to avoid, though we be certainly "informed, that our said enemy is purposed and prepared to fly the land, having already made over great masses of the treasure of our crown, the better "to support him in foreign parts, we do hereby declare, "that whosoever shall take or distress our said enemy,

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though the party be of never so mean a condition, " he shall be by us rewarded with a thousand pound in "money, forthwith to be laid down to him, and an "hundred marks by the year of inheritance; besides "that he may otherwise merit, both toward God and

"all good people, for the destruction of such a ❝tyrant.

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Lastly, we do all men to wit, and herein we take "also God to witness, that whereas God hath moved "the heart of our dearest cousin, the King of Scot"land, to aid us in person in this our righteous quar"rel; it is altogether without any pact or promise, or "so much as demand of any thing that may prejudice our crown or subjects: but contrariwise, with promise " on our said cousin's part, that whensoever he shall ❝ find us in sufficient strength to get the upper hand of our enemy, which we hope will be very suddenly, " he will forthwith peaceably return into his own King"dom; contenting himself only with the glory of so "honourable an enterprise, and our true and faithful "love and amity: which we shall ever, by the grace "of Almighty God, so order, as shall be to the great "comfort of both kingdoms."

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But Perkin's proclamation did little edify with the people of England; neither was he the better welcome for the company he came in. Wherefore the King of Scotland seeing none came in to Perkin, nor none stirred any where in his favour, turned his enterprise into a rode; and wasted and destroyed the country of Northumberland with fire and sword. But hearing that there were forces coming against him, and not willing that they should find his men heavy and laden with booty, he returned into Scotland with great spoils, deferring farther prosecution till another time. It is said, that Perkin, acting the part of a Prince handsomely, when he saw the Scotish fell to waste the country,came to the King in a passionate manner, making great lamentation, and desired, that that might not be the manner of making the war; for that no crown was so dear to his mind, as that he desired to purchase it with the blood and ruin of his country. Whereunto the King answered half in sport, that he doubted much he was careful for that that was none of his, and that he should be too good a steward for his enemy, to save the country to his use.

By this time, being the eleventh year of the King,

the interruption of trade between the English and the Flemish began to pinch the merchants of both nations very sore: which moved them by all means they could devise, to affect and dispose their sovereigns respectively, to open the intercourse again; wherein time favoured them. For the archduke and his council began to see, that Perkin would prove but a runagate and citizen of the world; and that it was the part of children to fall out about babies. And the King on his part, after the attempts upon Kent and Northumberland, began to have the business of Perkin in less estimation; so as he did not put it to account in any consultation of state. But that that moved him most was, that being a King that loved wealth and treasure, he could not endure to have trade sick, nor any obstruction to continue in the gatevein, which disperseth that blood. And yet he kept state so far, as first to be sought unto, Wherein the merchant-adventurers likewise, being a strong company at that time, and well under-set with rich men, and good order, did hold out bravely; taking off the commodities of the kingdom, though they lay dead upon their hands for want of vent. At the last, commissioners met at London to treat on the King's part, bishop Fox lord privy seal, viscount Wells, Kendal prior of saint John's, Warham master of the rolls, who began to gain much upon the King's opinion; Urswick, who was almost ever one; and Riseley: on the archduke's part, the lord Bevers his admiral, the lord Verunsel president of Flanders, and others. These concluded a perfect treaty, both of amity and intercourse, between the King and the archduke; containing articles both of state, commerce, and free-fishing. This is that treaty which the Flemings call at this day intercursus magnus; both because it is more complete than the precedent treaties of the third and fourth year of the King; and chiefly to give it a difference from the treaty that followed in the one and twentieth year of the King, which they call intercursus malus. In this treaty, there was an express article against the reception of the rebels of either Prince by other; purporting, That if any such rebel should be required, by the

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Prince whose rebel he was, of the Princes confederate, that forthwith the Prince confederate should by proclamation command him to avoid the country: which if he did not within fifteen days, the rebel was to stand proscribed, and put out of protection. But nevertheless in this article Perkin was not named, neither perhaps contained, because he was no rebel. But by this means his wings were clipt of his followers that were English. And it was expressly comprised in the treaty, that it should extend to the territories of the duchess. dowager. After the intercourse thus restored, the English merchants came again to their mansion at Antwerp, where they were received with procession and great joy.

The winter following, being the twelfth year of his reign, the King called again his parliament; where he did much exaggerate both the malice, and the cruel predatory war lately made by the King of Scotland: That that King, being in amity with him, and no ways provoked, should so burn in hatred towards him, as to drink of the lees and dregs of Perkin's intoxication, who was every where else detected and discarded: and that when he perceived it was out of his reach to do the King any hurt, he had turned his arms upon unarmed and unprovided people, to spoil only and depopulate, contrary to the laws both of war and peace: concluding, that he could neither with honour, nor with the safety of his people, to whom he did owe protection, let pass these wrongs unrevenged. The parliament understood him well, and gave him a subsidy, limited to the sum of one hundred and twenty thousand pounds, besides two fifteens: for his wars were always to him as a mine of treasure of a strange kind of ore; iron at the top, and gold and silver at the bottom. At this parliament, for that there had been so much time spent in making laws the year before, and for that it was called purposely in respect of the Scotish war, there were no laws made to be remembered. Only there passed a law, at the suit of the merchant-adventurers of England, against the merchant-adventurers of London, for monopolizing and exacting upon the trade: which it seemeth they did a little to save themselves,

after the hard time they had sustained by want of trade. But those innovations were taken away by parliament.

But it was fatal to the King to fight for his money; and though he avoided to fight with enemies abroad, yet he was still enforced to fight for it with rebels at home: for no sooner began the subsidy to be levied in Cornwall, but the people there began to grudge and murmur. The Cornish being a race of men, stout of stomach, mighty of body and limb, and that lived hardly in a barren country, and many of them could, for a need, live under ground, that were tinners. They muttered extremely, that it was a thing not to be suffered, that for a little stir of the Scots, soon blown over, they should be thus grinded to powder with payments: and said it was for them to pay that had too much, and lived idly. But they would eat their bread that they got with the sweat of their brows, and no man should take it from them. And as in the tides of people once up, there want not commonly stirring winds to make them more rough; so this people did light upon two ringleaders or captains of the rout. The one was Michael Joseph, a blacksmith or farrier of Bodmin, a notable talking fellow, and no less desirous to be talked of. The other was Thomas Flammock, a lawyer, who, by telling his neighbours commonly upon any occasion that the law was on their side, had gotten great sway amongst them. This man talked learnedly, and as if he could tell how to make a rebellion, and never break the peace. He told the people, that subsidies were not to be granted, nor levied in this case; that is, for wars of Scotland: for that the law had provided another course, by service of escuage, for those journeys; much less when all was quiet, and war was made but a pretence to poll and pill the people. And therefore that it was good they should not stand now like sheep before the shearers, but put on harness, and take weapons in their hands. Yet to do no creature hurt; but go and deliver the King a strong petition, for the laying down of those grievous payments, and for the punishment of those that had given him that counsel; to make others beware how they did the like in time to come. And said, for his

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